Marco Polo and Ponce de Leon

My two explorers are Marco Polo and Ponce De Leon. Marco Polo was one of the most famous westerner travelers. He traveled across Asia. He sailed south from Venice, Italy in the Mediterranean Sea. He also explored an area south of Beijing and the coast of china which is now Vietnam. Ponce de Leon sailed for Florida in the Americas. The reason why Marco Polo did his exploration was to find all kinds of different goods to trade.He did this because he was learning about trading goods. He was able to find perfumes, jewels, porcelain, and silk garments. He made lots of money while he stayed in Khan’s court. Pone de Leon’s reason for his expedition was because he was hurt by the king’s action for making Columbus’ son governor so he sailed off. Also he reason was to find new lands and treasures. Another thing was the Fountain of Youth, which was a mythical spring that the Indians spoke of.The Fountain of Youth was believed to make older people young again. Some of Marco’s hardships came when he was traveling to the Gobi Desert. It was hard without camels and was very hot. It was also hard not having food or water. Some times Marco felt like he was in a dream because he would hear frightening sounds, he would see ghost figures of his friends, and was having weird illusions. Some of Ponce de Leon’s hardships that he faced where he was ambushed by the Calusa Tribe.He was ambushed by them on his way back to Florida to start a farming colony. He was shot in the thigh by an arrow and was seriously wounded, so they decided to sail back to Cuba. The result of Marco’s expedition was that he ended up in prison because he was in war against the Genous and was captured. The result of Ponce de Leon’s expedition was that he never found the gold or the mythical fountain. Also he died at 61 because of he serious wound.

Madame DeFarge Essay

Screams rend the air. Your sisters husband was worked to death by the scum who call themselves nobles. Before your brother-in-law is even cold in his grave, these men take your sister away. For sport. Your father’s heart is broken, your brother outraged. You are taken away to the sea for protection, and your brother goes to seek revenge on the dogs, who took not only your family’s food and money, but your honor, which is more valuable to a poor man than all other things combined. Your brother is killed by the â€Å"nobles† and your sister dies of a broken heart, and crushed honor. What is your response to this situation. This was Madame Defarge’s situation, and her heart was turned to cold, hard pitiless stone. She nursed her hatred and bitterness. She was filled with a cold, calculating desire for revenge upon all those whom she could remotely connect to those demons who had taken everything from her and her family. She cared for no one and nothing that s tood in her way. She made them and all the other nobles pay, with oceans of blood. She gloried in her enemies downfall, and danced in their graves. Here thirst was unquenchable. She was hardened to the point of no return, and I believe she would have murdered her own husband if he stood in her way. Madame Defarge was bitter and cruel in the way she acted towards Charles Darnay and his family. She pretended that she was their friend, and she needed to see them for their protection. Instead she was just confirming them, so that she could put them on her registers of death. In her bitterness and hatred, she made the descendants of those who had wronged her responsible for their ancestors sins. She was ruthless in her killing and condemning of anyone who could be remotely connected to the aristocrats and she stopped at nothing, until they were dead. She spent hours knitting her registers, spelling out who would die, and why. She didn’t care if it was poor seamstress or the richest noble in the castle. If they were accused of being connected to the accursed race of aristocrats, they were her mortal enemies. When Darnay was supposedly on the way to his death at the guillotine, she went to see Lucie, both so she could gorge herself on Lucie’s pain, and also to make sure that Lucie and her child were at her fingertips, ready to be killed as soon as possible. She was barely stopped by Miss Pross, whom she tried to kill, but was herself killed in the attempt. Indeed, if it was not for Miss Pross, Madame Defarge’s plans would have succeeded nicely. Madame Defarge was a cold, bitter, and extremely vengeful person. Yes, she was shaped by the circumstances she was born into, but that alone did not change her into this awful person. It was the nurturing of these grudges, the careful plotting, scheming and brooding over her plans for vengeance that turned her into the dreadful wretch that she was. She was in fact, a slave to her own desire for revenge and even though it may seem that she had the victory, because she made the nobles pay. She let them steal her soul. Revenge is not victory. Reconciliation and forgiveness through Christ is victory.

The Basque Region Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Basque Region Issue - Essay Example Many regions that have been facing problems of disparity and other internal conflicts; and have been constantly demanding secession and independence. This victory of Kosovo have spurred them no to become more forceful and focussed no obtaining their demands. One such region is the Basque region, which lies between France and Spain. The region has been the victim of constant internal strife, owing to the invasions and the constant struggle for recognising their independence and freedom from external interferences. The Basque region comprises the Basque population, who are very historically and culturally bound. In fact, they had been a part of the Roman civilisation and are, therefore, tribes with rich heritage value. However, as the years passed by, the region came under conflicting situations with Spain. "The Basques had been some of the fiercest opponents of Franco's Nationalist troops during the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s. During Franco's 40-year rule, he punished the region for its opposition. He declared two provinces "traitor provinces." Franco believed in one, unified Spain and opposed any kind of regional diversification. Franco,  like  many before him, had found  it difficult to suppress this proud nation  and the  movement for an independent  Basque  homeland  began in  the late 1950s.  The separatist group, ETA, began its violent campaign 10  years later.  While support for an independent  homeland  remain  strong, it is by no means overwhelming. Many Basques  are happy with the large degree  of  autonomy  they have  been  granted by the  central  government in Madrid.

Cultural Awareness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cultural Awareness - Essay Example Understanding the Arab culture remains a fundamental element which could ensure that the entire world gains factual information regarding Arabic practices. Some of the misconceptions have resulted in the Arab world becoming associated with the elements of terrorism occurring around the world. The human terrain system which has been adopted by the United States’ military seeks to utilise social science practices in understanding the cultural practices of Arabs4. The implementation of this programme could be essential in enabling the western world to change the common misconceptions held by the populations regarding the Arab world. The growing political tension between the western and Arab world could become eased through the findings of these anthropological researches. The concept plays a fundamental role in increasing Arab cultural awareness through enhanced cultural knowledge of the populations residing in the Arab world5. Involvement of anthropologists within the programme can also enhance the understanding of the western culture by the

Becoming a master student Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Becoming a master student - Essay Example In fact, it is not what happens to us that becomes an experience, but rather, how we think about what happens to us. This way, thoughts progress eventually and become part of our growth. 2. Clarence Darrow, who had the reputation of being an excellent American lawyer and civil libertarian, feels that the power to think rests in the power to laugh. If you are unable to laugh, it means you create a situation where your thoughts are stifled by unnecessary stress. The positive energy of laughter creates an ambience for clear, proactive thoughts. People who are ill-tempered are also known to be thoughtless. On the other hand, those who are able to see the lighter side of life in everything emerge as true winners where the power of thoughts is the need of the hour. Moreover, a person with a sense of humour connects well with others, and her/his thoughts can very well be communicated to others quickly because of this. 3. Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American writer who led the Transcendentalist Movement in the mid 19th century, believes that the hardest task on earth is to think. There is a common misunderstanding that it is quite easy to ‘think’, but the truth remains that real thinking calls for intelligence and logical aptitude. Otherwise, one may end up acting thoughtlessly. It is not the quantity of thought, but its quality that matters ultimately. Anyone who is capable of using quality time thinking about something relevant is apt to come up with new perspectives n life, and in some cases, even solutions to the most difficult problems in life. None of the scientific inventions and historical discoveries could have materialized out of thoughtless endeavors. Thoughts are tough to materialize out of vacuum; it calls for dedicated work for a prolonged time. 4. Voltaire, the French philosopher and writer, reveals how those who think are excessively few in the world. And he adds that those who do not think set

Artices summary Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artices summary - Article Example The chosen article consists of a study conducted on women in order to identify their underlying causes for major depression. The personalities of over 2000 women were studied by doctors at the Medical College of Virginia where they tried to unearth the kind of feelings women were going through. The main aim for the purpose of this test was to figure out the levels of depression as well as neuroticism that most women felt. According to the background of the study conducted, it was stated that these two factors are the most common aspects of a person’s inner thinking and mind which helps to depict whether or not a person is going through feelings of depression or is facing a period of depression. After a proper analysis of the results, it was noted that neuroticism coupled with depression were mostly caused due to genetic factors first. It was comprehended from the test results that in order to find out a woman’s level of depression, it is easier to understand the same by doing a search of the feelings of anxiety and stress levels in a woman rather than looking at her self esteem. (Seth B. Roberts and Kenneth S. Kendler, 1999) The article chosen for the purpose of explanation of substance dependency is based on young boys in their early-late teenage years. A number of noted psychologists have stated that this age has been witnessing an increase in terms of substance users and abusers around the world. Dependence on alcohol or drugs takes place in the subconscious of an individual at first and therefore, it is a very psychological reaction faced by the person as he continues or increases his usage of substances to carry on with his lifestyle. The article notes that there are a number of offspring of substance users that fall into the trap as well, and due to such usage of drugs, narcotics and alcohol to lead a wayward life, they lose their ability to control emotions and fair very poorly thus, in ECF tests conducted. Such users have been said

Emergency Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Emergency Management - Assignment Example The EOC will need sufficient communications systems to remain in contact with the PIO, and each should have a designated liaison. There should be only one spokesman for the government to reduce public confusion, and information needs to remain current and thorough. Line agencies will include the public utilities that need to restore power and energy, public works that need to clear debris and reduce hazards, and the highway department that assures the safety and operation of streets and roads. In addition, it may include the agencies responsible for ongoing search and rescue. Staff agencies will be responsible for planning the recovery, which may include restructuring the zoning laws or building codes. Development agencies may be necessary to fund and secure temporary housing and oversee relocation programs. In addition, it may include the agencies responsible for ongoing search and rescue. Staff agencies will be responsible for planning the recovery, which may include restructuring the zoning laws or building codes. Development agencies may be necessary to fund and secure temporary housing and oversee relocation programs. As the response phase moves into recovery, the first phase is used to reduce and eliminate hazards, restore critical infrastructure and services, and inspect public transportation and structures. During phase two, utilities are fully restored, and social and health services are put into place. Long-term housing needs are being met and economic considerations, such as low-interest loans, are beginning to be implemented. Phase three is the long-term recovery and includes the rebuilding of residential and commercial structures, as well as rebuilding and restoring roads, bridges, and transportation systems. The long-term phase also overlaps with planning that includes long term economic recovery, and the mitigation of future disasters. The functions of disaster recovery can be grouped into the major categories of restoring initial order and servi ces, damage assessment, rebuilding, and long term planning.

American Indian Myths And Legends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Indian Myths And Legends - Essay Example Raweno was giving the rabbit some of the specific features he wanted, but the owl, impatient for his chance, disturbed him, and in a fit of anger Raweno smacked him in the eyes which made them very large and punished him, saying henceforth he would stay awake in the nights. â€Å"Butterflies†, In this story, the myth behind the creation of butterflies is shown. They were made by the Creator, when he wanted to preserve the beauty of the fall colors and so he put all the colors together in a bag and gave it to the children playing there, who upon opening it, released the butterflies into the air. â€Å"The Great Race† tells how men became more powerful than beasts. A race decided the fate of animals, where the mighty buffalo was pitted against four birds, fielded by humans instead of them to take part in the race. The defeat of the buffalo by the humble magpie, made animals the food of humans and since then buffaloes have been hunted. â€Å"The Raven† tells how the bird came into being. Raven was a lazy man who ate up an old woman’s clams. The clams made him thirsty and as he searched for water the woman came to know of this and turned him into a bird, which is remembered to this day as the biggest thief. (Sabino, Wu,

Exothermic reaction Essay Example for Free

Exothermic reaction Essay The object of this investigation is to determine the enthalpy change for the reaction CaCO3 (s) i CaO (s) + CO2 (g) by an indirect method based on Hess Law. Hesss law states that the enthalpy change for any chemical reaction is independent of the route taken provided that the initial and final conditions are identical. So the temperature change during these reactions below can be measured and the enthalpy changes ? H1 and ? H2 calculated. For Example: Using Hess law with the calculated values for ? H1 and ? H2 it is possible to calculate a value for ? H3. Results Table. Temperature change during reaction   The results for the temperatures are to the nearest whole number as it is unrealistic to measure to a point of a ? C with this type of thermometer and the masses rounded up to 2 decimal places for greater accuracy. Calculations Its possible to use the formula E = mc ? T, where E = energy transferred, m = mass of HCl, c= specific heat capacity of HCl and ? T = temperature change. This formula can be used for calculating the energy transferred in the following reactions ? ?H1, CaCO3 (s) + HCl and ? H2, CaO (s) + HCl. Seeing as the molar mass of CaCO3 = 100. 00 ?H1 = 420 x (1 x 0. 0250) = 16. 80 kJmol-1 I will not include the last result in my average for ? H1, which is 16. 80 kJmol-1. This is because its way off the other results and would significantly affect my average results, its an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H1 for the reaction between CaCO3 + HCl: (- 25. 09 kJmol-1) + (- 24. 90 kJmol-1) 2 ?H1 = 25. 00 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is lost to the surroundings. Its an exothermic reaction. Calculations for ? H2 for the reactions between CaO (s) + HCl: 1. I will not include the 102. 86 kJmol-1 result in my average for ? H2. This is because its way off the other results and would significantly affect my average results, its an anomaly. AVERAGE for the ? H2 for the reaction between CaO + HCl: (-128. 05 kJmol-1) + (- 111. 43 kJmol-1) 2 ?H2 = 119. 74 kJmol-1 This value for ? H1 is negative because heat is lost to the surroundings. Its an exothermic reaction. Using Hess cycle I will use the values that I have calculated for ? H1 and ? H2 to work out the value for ? H3. ?H3= ? H1 ? ?H2 = (- 25. 00 kJmol-1) (- 111. 43 kJmol-1)= 86. 43 kJmol-1 This value is positive because heat is absorbed from the surroundings. Its an endothermic reaction. I have been told the actual value for ? H3, which is 178. 00. So I will calculate the percentage by which my value is out by the actual value. 178. 00 ? 86. 43 = 91. 57 (91. 57 ? 178. 00) x 100 = 51% Evaluation Errors in procedure: When the CaO and CaCO3 were put into the cup there was a delay before the lid was put on. This could have caused heat to escape out of the cup and the temperature change would not have been as great compared to if there was no delay.

Suport individuals to eat and drink Essay Example for Free

Suport individuals to eat and drink Essay It is important to give people some choice in the food thay eat. This will make mealtimes more enjoyable. Just imagine being unable to prepare meals for myself and having to sit down day after day to eat boring, unappetising or badly cooked food. Choice should be offered in the type of food, he way it is cooked and the quantity of food that is provided. It may also be helpful, if possible, to vary the times at which food is provided, so that people can choose the tome at which they wish to eat rather than having to fit in with the arrangements of their care setting. Of course, this is not easy as there are always considerations about staffing and running any care facility. Knowing the types of food and drink a person likes will help to build a trusting relationship. Some people choose not to eat meat because of their concern for animals. Some people have foods that they just do not like. Some people choose not to eat certain food because of religious easons. People from some groups will only eat food that has been prepared in certain ways depending on their religions laws. It is important to know what a healty and balanced diet is encouranging people to make suitable choices about what they eat is a very important part of supporting them. Some people may need to have a special diet for medical reasons, such as diabetes. A healthy balanced diet gives people all the nutrients in the right amounts for their age and gender. The amount of food taken in by a person needs to balance with the energy they use. If these are not balanced, the person will lose or gain weight. For example, an energetic teenager aets more than a older person who is not very active, because the teenager uses more energy. Everyone should eat a variety of foods, so that our bodies get all the nutrients that we need. This is especially important if people are recovering from an accident or an operation. The nutrition pyramid above typically shows the amount needed from each food group every  day. If dietary choice permits, try to choose low fat dairy foods and lean meat. Eat two portions of fish each week. Alcohol should be kept within the recommended limits or, better still, to occasional use only. The long-term effects of too much alcohol include conditions that can cause serious damage to the liver, of the stomach. It can also lead to dementia. It is important to encourage people to drink on a regular basis. For example, I could offer water, fruit squash, fruit juice and other drinks. However, too many sugary drinks, suck as fizzy drinks, and drinks that contain high levels of coffeine should be avoided. A lot of reseach has been carried out about what we eat. It has shown that too much salt is bad for me because it can lead to high blood pressure and heart disease. Research has also shown that eating enough fruit and vegetables can help to prevent some cancers. A person who eats too much and does not exercise enough may become obese. There can be many reasons why a person does not choose a healthy, balanced diet. They may not know what a healthy diet is. Diet can also be linked to social class because poorer people may not be able to afford good-quality food; however, with some thought it is possible tto eat a healty diet on a budget. Busy lifestyles mean that some people eat a lot of processed or conveniene foods, which usually contain a lot of salt and fat. Other peope just do not want to follow the advice to eat well, because they feel that the unhealthy option tastes better! Make sure that I know what a healthy diet is so that I can help people to make healthy choices. If I help them to develop independent skills by supporting them to do their own shopping, point out the healthy options and alternatives, I may also need to knowwhat the consequences of a poor diet choice might be. For example obesity can lead to heart disease, varicose veins, diabetes and arthritis. High cholesterol and diets high in salt can lead to heart attacks and strokes. If I am aware of the consequences, this means that I can offer sound advice. People may be reluctant, or may even refuse, to eat certain types of food which have been noted in their support plan as a requirement for their condition- such as a diabetic diet, a weight-reduction diet or a gluten-free diet. This can cause difficulties in terms of being able to offer freedom of choice. I may feel that this places me, and other care staff, in a very difficult position. If someone is determined to ignore medical advice and to follow a different diet, this should be reported and discussed among the care team and the  madical staff responsible for the person’s care. Ultimately I have little control over a diabetic who buys and eats chocolate bars and sweets. However, I do have a responsibility to provide full information and explanations, and to repeat the explanations regulary to the person, making every effort to persuade them to comply with the dietary requirements. If a person chooses, in full knowledge of the consequences, to ignore medical advice, then that is their choice.

Structure Organization And Function Of The Human Body Biology Essay

Structure Organization And Function Of The Human Body Biology Essay Cell are the structural and functional units of all living organisms. Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular, or have many cells-an estimated 100,000,000,000,000 cells! Each cell is an amazing world unto itself: it can take in nutrients, convert these nutrients into energy, carry out specialized functions, and reproduce as necessary. Even more amazing is that each cell stores its own set of instructions for carrying out each of these activities. Prokaryotic Cells organisms that are lack of nuclear membrane, the membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell. Bacteria are the best known and most studied form of prokaryotic organisms, although the recent discovery of a second group of prokaryotes, called archaea, has provided evidence of a third cellular domain of life and new insights into the origin of life itself. prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that do not develop or differentiate into multicellular forms. are capable of inhabiting almost every place on the earth, from the deep ocean, to the edges of hot springs, to just about every surface of our bodies. Prokaryotes are distinguished from eukaryotes on the basis of nuclear organization, specifically their lack of a nuclear membrane. Prokaryotes also lack any of the intracellular organelles and structures that are characteristic of eukaryotic cells. Most of the functions of organelles, such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and the Golgi apparatus, are taken over by the prokaryotic plasma membrane. Prokaryotic cells have three architectural regions: appendages called flagella and pili-proteins attached to the cell surface; a cell envelope consisting of a capsule, a cell wall, and a plasma membrane; and a cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions. Eukaryotes include fungi, animals, and plants as well as some unicellular organisms. Eukaryotic cells are about 10 times the size of a prokaryote and can be as much as 1000 times greater in volume. The major and extremely significant difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound compartments in which specific metabolic activities take place. Most important among these is the presence of a nucleus, a membrane-delineated compartment that houses the eukaryotic cells DNA. It is this nucleus that gives the eukaryote-literally, true nucleus-its name. Cell Structures: The Basics The Plasma Membrane-A Cells Protective Coat The outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called the plasma membrane. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment and is made mostly from a double layer of proteins and lipids, fat-like molecules. Embedded within this membrane are a variety of other molecules that act as channels and pumps, moving different molecules into and out of the cell. A form of plasma membrane is also found in prokaryotes, but in this organism it is usually referred to as the cell membrane. The Cytoskeleton-A Cells Scaffold The cytoskeleton is an important, complex, and dynamic cell component. It acts to organize and maintain the cells shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by a cell; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and motility. There are a great number of proteins associated with the cytoskeleton, each controlling a cells structure by directing, bundling, and aligning filaments. The Cytoplasm-A Cells Inner Space Inside the cell there is a large fluid-filled space called the cytoplasm, sometimes called the cytosol. In prokaryotes, this space is relatively free of compartments. In eukaryotes, the cytosol is the soup within which all of the cells organelles reside. It is also the home of the cytoskeleton. The cytosol contains dissolved nutrients, helps break down waste products, and moves material around the cell through a process called cytoplasmic streaming. The nucleus often flows with the cytoplasm changing its shape as it moves. The cytoplasm also contains many salts and is an excellent conductor of electricity, creating the perfect environment for the mechanics of the cell. The function of the cytoplasm, and the organelles which reside in it, are critical for a cells survival. Genetic Material Two different kinds of genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Most organisms are made of DNA, but a few viruses have RNA as their genetic material. The biological information contained in an organism is encoded in its DNA or RNA sequence. Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular structure that rests in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genetic material is more complex and is divided into discrete units called genes. Human genetic material is made up of two distinct components: the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. The nuclear genome is divided into 24 linear DNA molecules, each contained in a different chromosome. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule separate from the nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial genome is very small, it codes for some very important proteins. Organelles The human body contains many different organs, such as the heart, lung, and kidney, with each organ performing a different function. Cells also have a set of little organs, called organelles, that are adapted and/or specialized for carrying out one or more vital functions. Organelles are found only in eukaryotes and are always surrounded by a protective membrane. It is important to know some basic facts about the following organelles. The Nucleus-A Cells Center The nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle found in a eukaryotic cell. It houses the cells chromosomes and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur. The nucleus is spheroid in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane called the nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope isolates and protects a cells DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed, or synthesized, into a special RNA, called mRNA. This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. In prokaryotes, DNA processing takes place in the cytoplasm. The Ribosome-The Protein Production Machine Ribosomes are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The ribosome is a large complex composed of many molecules, including RNAs and proteins, and is responsible for processing the genetic instructions carried by an mRNA. The process of converting an mRNAs genetic code into the exact sequence of amino acids that make up a protein is called translation. Protein synthesis is extremely important to all cells, and therefore a large number of ribosomes-sometimes hundreds or even thousands-can be found throughout a cell. Ribosomes float freely in the cytoplasm or sometimes bind to another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes are composed of one large and one small subunit, each having a different function during protein synthesis. 2. Describe and distinguish between the cell and tissue organizations and systems. Tissues are the collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function. The four primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Epithelial Tissue The cells are pack tightly together and form continuous sheets that serve as linings in different parts of the body.   It serves as membranes lining organs and helping to keep the bodys organs separate, in place and protected.   Some examples of epithelial tissue are the outer layer of the skin, the inside of the mouth and stomach, and the tissue surrounding the bodys organs. Connective Tissue There are many types of connective tissue in the body.   It adds support and structure to the body.   Most types of connective tissue contain fibrous strands of the protein collagen that add strength to connective tissue.   Some examples of connective tissue include the inner layers of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone and fat tissue.   In addition to these more recognizable forms of connective tissue, blood is also considered a form of connective tissue. Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is a specialized tissue that can contract.   Muscle tissue contains the specialized proteins actin and myosin that slide past one another and allow movement.   Examples of muscle tissue are contained in the muscles throughout your body. Nerve Tissue Nerve tissue contains two types of cells: neurons and glial cells.   Nerve tissue has the ability to generate and conduct electrical signals in the body.   These electrical messages are managed by nerve tissue in the brain and transmitted down the spinal cord to the body.

Free College Admissions Essays: Friday :: College Admissions Essays

Friday    It arrived on a Friday afternoon. The idea probably originated somewhere over the Atlantic, off the coast of Africa. It slowly spun its way to the northwest, and the thought finally made landfall in Florida. From there it gained speed and zipped across the eastern seaboard, through South Carolina, over D.C. and up the New Jersey Turnpike. There the idea slowed again, and had been downgraded to a concept by the time it crossed the Hudson. Once across the water it regained speed at the expense of power, and it flew like a sparrow, darting through cars and trucks and people, until it finally found me, stuck in traffic, and flew through my ear into my head. And I knew exactly what I wanted to do with my life. It was as close to perfection as I could imagine. History had always been my academic passion. I've sucked each and every history textbook dry of information and it's not slaked my thirst. I've sat down and read countless encyclopedia articles, books and websites, and I've watched m ore hours of the History Channel than anyone I've ever met. I've come to admire the great men and movements in our history that have gotten our country to where it is today. I've also thought about the men and movements that will carry it into the future, and I know that I want to have a hand in guiding the progress of our nation and world. My passion for history has only been matched by my love of mental competition. I live for arguments, debates and discussions, and when history, its interpretation and the ensuing disagreement meet, I find my heaven on earth. I slam down on the clutch, shift into sixth gear and my mind races. I search my brain for examples and draw upon the knowledge that I've amassed in my learning. The points and counterpoints come out hard and fast. I make my statement and discredit that of my opponent, I respond, I parry, I dodge. I feel content, happy and fulfilled. It was the synthesis of these two ideas that found its way to me on that Friday afternoon, a p rofession that would combine my two passions: Campaign Management. My love for mental combat would be used to its fullest in matching wits with the opposing campaign staff, and my passion for history would be more than sated by my involvement in what I consider to be its most interesting aspect: its creation. Free College Admissions Essays: Friday :: College Admissions Essays Friday    It arrived on a Friday afternoon. The idea probably originated somewhere over the Atlantic, off the coast of Africa. It slowly spun its way to the northwest, and the thought finally made landfall in Florida. From there it gained speed and zipped across the eastern seaboard, through South Carolina, over D.C. and up the New Jersey Turnpike. There the idea slowed again, and had been downgraded to a concept by the time it crossed the Hudson. Once across the water it regained speed at the expense of power, and it flew like a sparrow, darting through cars and trucks and people, until it finally found me, stuck in traffic, and flew through my ear into my head. And I knew exactly what I wanted to do with my life. It was as close to perfection as I could imagine. History had always been my academic passion. I've sucked each and every history textbook dry of information and it's not slaked my thirst. I've sat down and read countless encyclopedia articles, books and websites, and I've watched m ore hours of the History Channel than anyone I've ever met. I've come to admire the great men and movements in our history that have gotten our country to where it is today. I've also thought about the men and movements that will carry it into the future, and I know that I want to have a hand in guiding the progress of our nation and world. My passion for history has only been matched by my love of mental competition. I live for arguments, debates and discussions, and when history, its interpretation and the ensuing disagreement meet, I find my heaven on earth. I slam down on the clutch, shift into sixth gear and my mind races. I search my brain for examples and draw upon the knowledge that I've amassed in my learning. The points and counterpoints come out hard and fast. I make my statement and discredit that of my opponent, I respond, I parry, I dodge. I feel content, happy and fulfilled. It was the synthesis of these two ideas that found its way to me on that Friday afternoon, a p rofession that would combine my two passions: Campaign Management. My love for mental combat would be used to its fullest in matching wits with the opposing campaign staff, and my passion for history would be more than sated by my involvement in what I consider to be its most interesting aspect: its creation.

conflict between humanistic and scientific value :: essays research papers fc

HRM - Conflicts of Scientific and Humanistic Values 1.0 Introduction One of the popular theory of the â€Å"Critical Theorist â€Å" ( with referrence to the Marxist view ). science reduce humankind to passive objects beholden to the laws of "nature." Sociology, as a form of science, is therefore also criticized for making scientific studies a means to an end unto themselves, as well as for not recognizing the importance of the individual. Modern society at large is criticized for being obsessed with rationality and efficiency instead of human emancipation. Also, people have become overly controlled by technology. For example, constant stimuli such ad television pacify us and control our thoughts and emotions. Culture also comes under attack for becoming what has been termed a culture industry. Instead of having stories, beliefs or artifacts for their own sake, culture has become commodified It has lost spontaneity or the ability to inspire originality in people. Similarly, there is said to be a knowledge industry. Universities are seen as oppressive institutions more concerned with increasing their influence than in providing students with knowledge. Likewise, in the field of organization development, humanistic and scientific are two different and opposite elements that have always been in constant conflict and tension. And so often the measure of these conflicts are the effectiveness or efficiency of an organisation. In my point of view, "humanistic" in nature and approach, whatever the subject, seeks to solve problems "from a human-centered viewpoint." And hence this paper could be an attempt of such effort. 2.0 What is efficiency ? Efficiency is highly prized in a culture turned toward productivity. It is therefore cultivated in contemporary business administration theories. It also tends to be prized above all other values in modern society, as society is more and more oriented toward technological advancement. Efficiency is also defined here as the most economic or the shortest or fastest or most simple way of realizing or achieving a goal with the least cost. As a means of evaluating human activity in business and practical activity in general, efficiency is, therefore, the standard. It is a standard of quality pertaining to the action, but it cannot be considered a moral virtue, since the quality of good or evil does not derive from the form in which an objective is achieved but from the goal or end that the action achieves. To give an extreme example, one could say that Hitler and his engineers were extremely efficient in achieving the goal of exterminating Jews.

Seasonal Variation in the Western Himalayan Basin

2.1 THE STUDY AREA Beas River In this survey, Beas Basin located in western Himalaya has been selected. Two sites viz. Manali and Bhunter were being selected for appraisal of the part of different constituent i.e. snow/ice melt overflow, rainfall overflow and land H2O overflow to Beas River. Study was besides conducted for the Parvati River at Bhunter site. Beas River originate from the eastern inclines of Rohtang base on balls of Himalayas at an lift of 3900 m and flows in about north-south way up to Larji, where it takes a about right angle bend and flows towards west up to the Bhunter. The length of the river up to the Bhunter is 80 kilometer. The catchment of the Beas basin up to Bhunter is 3384 kilometer2out of which merely 780 kilometers2is under lasting snow. Largely the catchment country comprises of hasty inclines and the stones are chiefly au naturel. The basin height varies from 1600 m near Bhunter to more than 6000 m near Beo-Toibba. Parvati is one of the major feeder which join the Beas River at Bhunter. It rises from Mantalai glacier at an height of about 5200 m ASL. Mantalai glacier is located on the western incline of the great Himalayan ranges. The basin lies between 31050 ‘ to N and 7705 ‘ to E. It drains an country of about Km2. The Parvati River basin is a hilly and cragged piece of land with altitude runing from 1096 to 6250 metres ( Figure ) . The basin presents an interact mosaic of mountain scopes, hills and vales. The mountain inclines in the basin are covered with woods and hayfields. The vales are interspersed with legion watercourses like Malana nal, Tos Nal, Kasol Nal etc. fall in the Parvati River from left and right Bankss. Some of the of import scopes of the basin are Chandrakhari Dhar, Sharkandi Dhar, Rorung Dhar, Phagachi Dhar, Rajthathi Dhar, and Ori Dhar. Western Himalaya: Western Himalaya stretches for approximately between in the E and in the West embracing an country of about sq kilometer. The mean height ranges between 600 to 6900 metre above average sea degree ( Fig ) . The outstanding characteristics include the snow clothed extremums, â€Å" U † shaped vale, truncated goads with snow-off facies, aretes, horn, pyramidal and conelike extremums, serrated cresta of ridges, corries, glacial troughs both ancestor and consequent, knife-edged precipice, smooth stone and steep head-walls. Dhauladhar, Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar are the chief mountain scopes of the country ( Fig. ) . The Dhauladhar scope bases in all stateliness over the Kangra vale while the Pir-Panjal, Great Himalaya and Zanskar ranges bases land over Chamba, Lahul and Spiti and Kinnaur. The low scopes of Siwalik autumn in the south-western portion. From south to north four good defined tectonic-cum-physiographic belts with distinguishable geological formations have been recognized in the Himachal Himalaya as the outer or bomber Himalaya, Lesser Himalaya, Great Himalaya and Tibetan or Tethys Himalaya. Outer Himalaya is situated in the southern most portion and it has an mean tallness of 600 m the average sea degree. This late Tertiary sedimentary belt fundamentally forms series of drops with steep inclines on the southern side. Lesser Himalaya, caught between the outer Himalaya in the South and Greater Himalaya in the North has an mean lift of 4000 m to 5000 m above average sea degree. The two major scopes viz. Dhauladhar and Pir-Panjal, tendency in NW-SE waies, ( about parallel to the regional tendency of the stone formation ) constitute the chief H2O divide of the part ( Figure- western Himalaya ) . The northern belt of the Great Himalaya, with its extremums surging highs of 5000 m to 6000 m ( amsl ) , is characterized by hasty scarps and perpendicular walled gorgeous vales with toppling and frothing rivers. The eastern extension of the Great Himalaya commences from Nanga Parbat in the West. The Pir-Panjal articulations this scope ( Great Himalaya ) near Deo-Tibba ( 5540 m ) . Chandra-Bhaga ( Lahaul and Spiti ) vale, with heavy snow bound countries, lies between these two scopes. The rugged topography of the country therefore houses maximal glaciers, which range in length from 3 to 35 kilometer. The Satluj river forms a narrow and deep gorge and cuts across the Great Himalayan scope. This scope acts as a great H2O divide between the Spiti and Beas drainage systems. The most critical base on ballss of this scope are located near Darang ( 5,548 m ) , Kangra ( 5,248 m ) , and Rohtang ( 4,043 ) and are on the Pir-Panjal Range. To the E of Great Himalaya is the Zanskar scope that separates the Tibetan basin ( term basin denoting here as a geomorphic entity ) from Himachal Himalaya. The Tibetan basin is connected with the satluj basin of Himachal through base on ballss of Sholarung and Gumarang situated on the Zanskar scope. The river Satluj cuts this scope through a gorge at Shipki ( 6,570 m ) . The Satluj basin is rugged in nature and snow edge and the vale crosses the Great Himalayn ranges near China boundary line and Kalpa ( Kinnaur ) . The general height scope from 4,500-6,500 m, of which the Kinner Kailash ( 6473 ) forms the highest extremum. The intricate moasic forms of hills, mountains and vales all over the province is the feature of the survey country. There is general addition in lift from West to east and south to north. 2.2 Geology of the Himachal Himalaya Geological Survey of India initiated about the geological surveies of Himachal Himalaya every bit early as 1860. Medlicott ( 1864 ) ; McMohan ( 1877, 1895 ) ; Oldham ( 1887, 1893 ) , Hayden ( 1904 ) ; Diener ( 1912 ) ; Pilgrim and West ( 1928 ) and Auden ( 1934 ) are the few innovator workers of this part. The important part to the geology of Himalaya in subsequent old ages have been added by Wadia ( 1931 ) ; Gansser ( 1964, 1977 ) ; Heim and Gansser ( 1975 ) ; Fuchs ( 1967,1975 ) and others. The recent work by Bhargava ( 1972a, 1975,1977b, 1979 ) ; Srikantia and Bhargava ( 1974,1976 ) , Gupta and Kumar ( 1975 ) , Srikantia ( 1981,1982 ) , Sorkhabi. , 1996, Fuchs. , 1981 is an effort to ease out some of the jobs of Himalaya, but most important work chiefly on jobs related to biostratigraphy, lithology, construction and tectonics has been carried out by Valdiya ( 1970,1973 ) ; Bhattacharya and Niyogi ( 1971 ) ; Kumar ( 1971,1978a,1979 ) ; Kumar and Pande ( 1972 ) ; Sinha ( 1975,1977,1 978 ) ; Virdi ( 1976 ) ; Fuchs and Sinha ( 1978 ) , Thakur ( 1980,1981 ) ; Thakur et al. , ( 1991 ) ; Pande ( 1991 ) . The geological set up of the Himachal Pradesh is taken after Thakur et.al. , ( 1991 ) ( Fig ) . 2.3 CLIMATE AND SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE STUDY BASIN The clime is characterized by a short period of mild summer with a well terrible long winter. It has humid, sub-tropical clime in the southern low land countries, temperate in the Lesser Himalayan vales and cool ( sub-alpine ) in higher mountains. Snow-falls occur upto a tallness of 1,300 m during the winters whereas above 4,000 m the countries are under lasting snow screen. The survey country experiences a terrible winter season characterized by the happening of heavy snowfall ( Fig.Snowfall Variation figure of the basin ) at higher heights. India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) has categorised the whole twelvemonth into four season under Indian conditions. January to March is classs under winter season, April to June as summer season, July to September in monsoon season and October to December is Chactgarized as fall season ( post monsoon months ) . Seasonal fluctuation in footings of month may change  ± 15 yearss. 1 ) Summer Season AMJ ( April?June ) Climate In summer season, temperature starts to increase in Himalayan part similar to the other parts of India. Intensity of increasing the temperature is less as comparison to kick and peninsular India. April to June months are considered as summer months in Himalayan part. These 3 months are considered as theodolite period between winter and monsoon season. Weather in Himalayan part sometimes influenced by electrical storms associated with rain during the summer season. 2 ) Monsoon Season JAS ( July-September ) Over the India, monsoon rains begin towards the really terminal of may or the first hebdomad of June over the utmost southern parts of the peninsula and ranges by terminal of June or starting of July in the Himalayan part. It varies from less than 75 yearss over Rajasthan, to more than 120 yearss over the south-western parts of the state lending to about 75 % of the one-year rainfall ( IMD 2010 ) . The parts which receive the largest rainfall are along the west seashore of India and the provinces of Assam and west Bengal in northest India. South west monsoon usually starts over the Kerala seashore. The subsequent advancement of the monsoon may be convenientially traced in the signifier of two subdivisions, viz. , the Arabian Sea subdivision and the Bay of Bengal subdivision. The Arabian Sea subdivision bit by bit advances due norths to Mumbai by 10 June. In the interim, reaching of the Bay of Bengal monsoon over eastern portion is being observed. By mid June the Arabian Sea subdivisi on spreads over Saurashtra-Kutch and the cardinal parts of the state. Thereafter, the deflected current from the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea subdivision of the monsoon tend to unify into a individual current. The staying parts of west Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, eastern half of the Rajasthan see their first monsoon showers by the first of July. The monsoon is influenced by planetary and local phenomenon like El Nino, northern hemispheric temperatures, sea surface temperatures, snow cover etc. The monsoonal rainfall oscillates between active enchantments associated with widespread rains over most parts of the state and interruptions with small rainfall activity over the fields and heavy rains across the foothills of the Himalayas. Heavy rainfall in the cragged catchments under ‘break’ conditions consequences deluging over the fields. However, really uncomfortable conditions due to high humidness and temperatures is the characteristic associated with the Breaks. SW monsoon current becomes lame and by and large starts retreating from Rajasthan by 1stSeptember and from north-western parts of India by 15ThursdaySeptember. It withdraws from about all parts of the state by 15ThursdayOctober and is replaced by a northern continental air flow called North-East Monsoon. The withdrawing monsoon air currents cause occasional showers along the east seashore of Tamil Nadu, but rainfall decreases off from coastal parts. 3 ) Post monsoon OND ( October-December ) Post monsoon season is the driest period in the Himalaya. Rivers of cragged part is by and large sustained by base flow during this period. Southern provinces of India viz. Andhra Pradesh, Telungana, Kernataka, Kerala receive good sum of rainfall accounting for approximately 35 % of their one-year sum in these months. ( IMD study ) . Daily temperature starts falling all over the state. The average temperatures over western Himalaya diminution from approximately 320C to a scope of 15-180C in the month of November. Less humidness and clear sky over the most portion of the North and cardinal India after mid-October are features characteristics of this season ( IMD,2010 ) . 4 ) Winter Season JFM ( January to March ) January to March months are considered as winter season in India. This season starts in December holding clear skies, low temperature, big daytime fluctuations of temperature. In this season rain is by and large occur over the western Himalayas, the utmost north-eastern parts, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Precipitation during this season is occurred in signifier of rainfall every bit good as in solid signifier as snow in high height parts. This is governed by the extratropical conditions system of mid-latitude part arising from Caspian sea and traveling eastward. This winter conditions system is known as western perturbations and attack India from the West through Iran, Afgansitan and Pakistan. Western perturbations and associated trough in westerlies are chief rain bearing system in northern and eastern parts of the state. Precipitation signifier in the Himalaya is based on the height. , In greater Himalaya, snowfall is the lone signifier, snow and rain in the in-between Himalayas and light to chair rain over the outer Himalayas. Average frequence of the precipitation is approximately 5 to 6 each months and lessenings as season progresss towards the terminal.

An Introduction to Cataracts

Abstract Cataracts will affect almost everyone’s vision at some point in their life. Some people may be able to deal with the cataracts with glasses while others must have cataract surgery in order to improve their vision. The paper explains what a cataract is, who it affects, the development of cataract surgery leading to modern day surgical techniques, as well as the possible complications and benefits after cataract surgery. There was once a time that cataracts caused people to become what they considered blind, but now with modern technology and modern medicine people have the ability to proceed with their life with just minor adjustments to their daily activities. An Introduction to Cataracts and Cataract Surgery Everyone has different vision, and everyone has different points in their life where they may notice their vision changing. One major medical condition that can affect a person’s vision is a cataract. It is important to understand what a cataract is and who it commonly impacts, the development of cataract surgery leading to the modern surgical technique, and the possible complications and benefits of having cataract surgery. What is a Cataract and Who is Commonly Impacted? A cataract, simply put, is the cloudiness of the clear natural lens in the eye (Buettner, p. 101). People who have cataracts have trouble seeing sharp figures, often times the objects they see are fuzzy or dim. The cataracts do not form suddenly but progress and get more advanced with time. The natural proteins of the lens begin to deteriorate between the age of 40 and 45 (Newmark, 38). People with cataracts often have trouble driving, difficulty reading, and even trouble seeing expressions on other’s faces. Cataracts can also cause extreme trouble with sensitivity to sunlight and headlights or streetlights (p. 101). Cataracts occur with the normal aging sclerosis, as the lens becomes less resilient, less transparent, and thicker (Gordon, p. 50). In The Eye Book cataracts are compared to wrinkles and gray hair, eventually it is something everyone will get. It just isn’t acknowledged until someone has a lot of the above mentioned gray hair and wrinkles (Cassel, p. 128). Most Americans by the age of 65 have some type of cataracts or clouding of the lens. According to the National Eye Institute, cataracts occur in roughly half of Americans aged 65 and over (Gordon, p. 49). Certain factors can also increase the risk for developing cataracts. The factors include: advanced age, diabetes, a family history of cataracts, extensive exposure to sunlight, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, previous eye injury or inflammation or swelling to the eye (American Academy of Ophthalmology, p. 1). Cataracts are also found to be more present in women than in men, more common in African Americans than in Caucasians, and more common in developing countries along the tropical belt than in the United States and Europe (Cassel, p. 132). A recent study also showed that poor nutrition also increased the percentage of cataract formation (Guttman, p. 1). The formation of cataracts can also be advanced by the use of corticosteroid use and excessive alcohol consumption (Buettner, p. 106). It is also worth mentioning that occasionally children can be born with cataracts or develop them at a very young age, this is called a Congenital cataract. This can be caused by the mother having German measles during pregnancy, due to a chemical imbalance, or a developmental imbalance. These cataracts are removed quickly if they are determined to be affecting the child’s vision (p. 106). If a person truly feels that they do not see to their full potential then it is in their best interest to consult with their ophthalmologist and have their vision evaluated to see if surgery would be beneficial. What is the Process of Cataract Surgery? Once the patient decides they are ready to pursue cataract surgery a few steps need to be taken. The patient will need to be seen by an ophthalmologist. The patient will have a dilated eye exam with the doctor along with testing prior to surgery. The testing performed is done to determine what power of Intraocular lens, or IOL, should be placed in the eye to give the patient to best vision possible. The testing is often called an A-scan or an IOL Master. The patient may also have a Corneal Topography done if they have an astigmatism. An astigmatism is an irregular shaping of the cornea and the corneal topography is just a picture or mapping of the cornea. The doctor also uses this test when determining which power of lens will be implanted at the time of surgery. Of course before any surgery can take place the patient must also complete the necessary paperwork. Cataract surgery used to be a major surgery, an inpatient procedure with general anesthesia and about a week stay in the local hospital (Gordon, p. 59). The procedure itself was much harder on patient. The physician made an incision about a half-inch long, through which they removed the cataract and replaced it with a thick glass lens and then later an artificial lens (p. 9). Today the procedure is done on an outpatient basis under local anesthesia in about thirty minutes. In fact, each year over 1. 5 million cataract surgeries are performed in the United States (p. 49). There two different ways a cataract can be removed, either by extracapsular surgery or phacoemulsification (Kanski, p. 346). Extracapsular surgery became common in the 1980s when IOLs became more widely used (p . 346). The capsular bag is opened approximately 10 mm and the lens material is removed in one piece. This technique is beneficial for dense and firm cataracts that would be difficult to break up by phacoemulsification, which will be discussed later (Cassel, p. 150). Once the artificial lens is implanted the incision is stitched. The stitches rarely have to be removed, and usually disintegrate over time (Gordon, p. 60). Because the size of the incision on the eye is rather large, healing does take a few weeks (p. 60). This type of cataract surgery can also induce significant post-operative astigmatism resulting from the large incision and the need for stitches (Kanski, p. 346). Phacoemulsification is the newest and most common method of cataract extraction (Gordon, p. 60). The doctor makes a tiny incision, about 3mm long and uses a tool, called a phaco handpiece, that breaks up the solid cataract into tiny pieces using ultrasound. Then a vacuum is used to essentially suck out the tiny fragments of the cataract from the capsule. (Buettner, p. 111). No stitches are needed to close the incision because the incision is so small that the natural pressure within the eye holds the incision tightly closed, and allows the wound to heal quickly (Gordon, pp. 60-61). Another major difference is how the artificial lens is implanted. The lens is actually folded before it is inserted into the capsule and once placed into the capsule it is unfolded. This is done because the incision is so small the unfolded lens wouldn’t be able to fit through the opening (p. 61). The smaller incision makes the procedure safer and provides an earlier refraction postoperatively (Kanski, pp. 346-347). There is also less risk for iris prolapse (p. 347). Phacoemulsification offers good long-term results and in 97-98 percent of all cases there are no complications, when done by a well experienced surgeon (Gordon, p. 1). Following surgery a protective shield is placed over the eye and the patient is sent home with instructions to use postoperative drops to prevent infection and inflammation (p. 67). The patient will follow up with their doctor the day after surgery and then during the following 6 weeks to check the eyes healing (Buettner, p. 112). Former restriction s were placed on patients that kept them from bending and lifting are becoming things of the past. Patients can resume normal activities almost immediately following surgery, of course any activites should be cleared by the patients physician (Cassel, p. 52). Patients will need to wear dark sunglasses following surgery when they are outdoors in order to reduce the effects of glare (Gordon, p. 67). What are the Complications and Benefits of Surgery? As with any type of surgery there is always risk involved when you have an operative procedure done. Although cataract surgery is one of the lower risk surgeries performed in the United States, there are some complications that should be discussed. Some complications can happen during the surgery and some can happen after the surgery during the healing process. While the physician is extracting the cataract the posterior capsule can rupture (Kanski, p. 349). If this happens the patient can be left with long term complications including vitreous loss, an up-drawn pupil, uveitis, vitreous touch, vitreous wick syndrome, endophthalmitis, glaucoma, posterior dislocation of the IOL, retinal detachment, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 349). Another serious risk is dislocation of the IOL after surgery, the IOL can become dislodged into the vitreous cavity and is a result of improper implantation (p. 53). If left untreated it can lead to vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, uveitis, and chronic cystoid macular edema (p. 353). A suprachoroidal hemorrhage is a bleed into the suprachorooidal space which could result in the extrusion of intraocular contents, it is an unlikely complication with the phacoemulsification technique (p. 353). Unfortunately, dislocated IOLs are becoming more frequent with the changing IOL designs and it is necessary that those dislocated lens be addressed immediately for the patient’s benefit (Rajecki, p. 1). Endophthalmitis is a rare but serious infection, symptoms include vision loss, pain not relieved by OTC pain medications, a significant increase in eye redness, flashes of light or floaters, nausea or vomiting (Buettner, p. 113). Of course the benefits of surgery are very clear. The patients can walk away with improved vision and also the possibility of not having to wear glasses. Technology continues to improve and there are multiple lenses for patients to choose from. These lenses offer deluxe options such as correction for astigmatism and multiple focal points. This allows people who have never been able to function without their glasses on to have cataract surgery to live their lives without glasses, and in a true sense live a whole new life! The patients that have successful cataract surgery do not regret the choice they made; in fact they likely wonder why they waited so long to make the choice to proceed with surgery. They often times say they didn’t realize the house was so dirty or they had so many wrinkles until they got home from the cataract surgery. It is clear that cataracts and cataract surgery is a very complicated and detailed subject. It should be very important to the patient that they make a wise decision when it comes to their eyes and the care they receive. Patients will continue to see ophthalmology care grow and change all the time and it will continue to get better. It is encouraging to see that through time things have only gotten better and more advanced for patient care. References American Academy of Ophthalmology. (2011). Who Is at Risk for Cataracts? Billig, O. D. , Michael, Cassel, M. D. , Gary, Randall, M. D. , Harry. (1998). The Eye Book: A Complete Guide to Eye Disorders and Health. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. Buettner, M. D. Helmut. (2002). Mayo Clinic on Vision and Eye Health. Rochester, MN:Kensington Publishing. Gordon, Sandra. (2001). The Aging Eye. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. Guttman, Cheryl. (2009, October 1). Analyses Examine Association Between Risk Factors,Cataracts. Ophthalmology Times. Kanski, Jack J. (2007). Clinical Ophthalmology: A Systemic Approach. Philadelphia, PA:Butt erworth, Heinemann, Elsevier. Newmark, M. D. , Emanuel. (2006). Ophthalmic Medical Assisting. San Francisco, CA: Essilor Rajecki, Ron. (2008, October 15). Advances in Cataract Surgery Bring New ComplicationsAlong with Benefits. Ophthalmology Times.

Technology in Special Education Classrooms

Odabasi, H. F. , Kuzu, A. , Girgin, C. , Cuhadar, C. , Kiyici, M. , & Tanyeri, T. (2009). Reflections of Hearing Impaired Students on Daily and Instructional PDA Use. International Journal of Special Education , 24 (1), 11. I would like to begin by saying, â€Å"Whatever it takes to teach my students, I am willing to do! † Whether I need to make print outs of everything covered in class, to e-mailing them, to wearing a microphone, etc. The need for technology in the classroom is rapidly increasing with the changing times. I will be teaching high school mathematics and even still I will incorporate technology into my classroom in any way possible, whether it is with computers or calculators. According to this article there is a â€Å"list of benefits of implementing these technologies for special students as follows. He maintains that using these technologies: †¢Maximizes independence in academic and employment tasks, †¢Increases participation in classroom discussions, †¢Helps students gain access to peers, mentors and role models, †¢Helps them self-advocate, Provides them with access to the full range of educational options, †¢Helps them participate in different experiences not otherwise possible, †¢Provides them with the opportunity to succeed in work-based learning experiences, †¢Secures high levels of independent living, †¢Prepares them for transitions to college and careers, †¢Gives them the opportunity to work side-by-side with peers, †¢Helps the m enter high-tech career fields, †¢Encourages them to participate in community and recreational activities† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). According to Odabasi, et. al, â€Å"Aksan defines communication as the transmission of information, ideas, emotions and intentions from one place to another or from on person to another through primitive or mature indicators† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). A common language is necessary in order for one person to communicate with another. Odabasi, et. al states that â€Å"hearing impaired children follow the same processes followed by their hearing peers during learning. However, because of their impairment, their language acquisition, reading comprehension, and written production are later realized in comparison to their intact peers† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). The swift increase in the demand for â€Å"portable information-technology devices† is quickly growing out of control (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). But, the demand has been the driving force for the influx of cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDA’s), and GPRS available on the market today. I say if the making of these devices is going to help students with disabilities, then so be it and bring them on. According to Odabasi, et. al, â€Å"Mobile learning provides a motivational stimulus, offers ease of storage and portability, contributes to improved written work, increases knowledge of computers, offers a range of useful functions, and is readily available at all times† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). Within the need for â€Å"Mobile learning† also comes â€Å"Mobile technologies that can be used whenever there is a need for learning, support individual learning, provide collaboration and communication everywhere, accommodate to individuals’ particular knowledge and skill level, sustain uninterrupted access to information resources, and accommodate to daily communication needs† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). Students will be able to contact teachers and access their work outside the classroom with â€Å"Mobile Technology† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). Odabasi, et. al says â€Å"PDA’s have two basic purposes in mobile learning – to provide sustained personal access to ICT, through which teachers might develop familiarity with relevant concepts and practices; and to provide access to the projects and professional development materials† (Odabasi, Kuzu, Girgin, Cuhadar, Kiyici, & Tanyeri, 2009). In conclusion, I will definitely be using technology in my classroom. However, I will have a limited selection and availability of programs, as I will be teaching high school mathematics. I do believe that it would benefit more students to have more access to material pertaining to their classes, no matter which classes they may be.

Cypop 5 Essay

It helps children to deal with difficult circumstances such as emotional stress or medical treatments. Play gives children chance to let off steam and have fun. Children learn when they are in a safe and caring environment. They are stimulated through play. Babies and young children develop best when they are in a caring relationship with an adult. A baby will learn to walk faster when they have a safe pair of arms to walk towards and learn to talk when they have an adult who listens to them and responds accordingly. I aim to provide children with an environment that is caring, fun and stimulating. I aim to expand each childs individual, intellectual, physical and emotional capacities within a secure environment where each child, will be confident and settled. I will implement ideas from the EYFS and I will provide activities/opportunities that support the six main learning areas which are : * Knowledge Understanding Of the World * Personal social and emotional development * Communication language and literacy * Creative Development * Physical Development * Problem solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. Each child will be able to choose their own activities and access continuous provision throughout these six areas. Activities will be both planned and spontaneous according to your child’s preference. My weekly plan will be dependent on the children in my care and their ages and stages of development although I will be attending various groups and clubs within the local area that I live. Sample weekly plan: Morning afternoon Monday – outdoor playchildren’s centre childminders group Tuesday -soft indoor play (wacky)creative play/ arts and crafts Wednesday-country park/ play areachildren’s centre playgroup Thursday – baking/cookingoutdoor play Friday – children’s centre groupindoor play at home Play can be constructed to fulfil areas of the EYFS, especially any areas where a child may be struggling, such as Playing with sand – Texture, Weight, Pouring through containers, colours, measuring, shapes, make sand castles etc this can link to the following areas of the EYFS– personal development – personal, social and emotional development – creative development – communication language and literacy All of the above would be flexible dependant on the children and any new sessions that can be accessed. Before any weekly plan can be made you would need to observe the children in your care to produce a plan that is appropriate to their development this will also help identify when to add/remove new toys/resources. I will use Natural resources and household items to provide stimulating play for the children to look after such as Sawdust and Bark for dinosaur play, jugs, funnels, guttering for water play, blankets pillows and throws and pegs for den building and communication friendly spaces etc. All children are individuals first, each with a unique profile of abilities. All planning starts with observing children in order to understand and consider their interests, development and learning. I will make systematic observations and assessments of each child’s achievements ,interests and learning styles. I will use these observations and assessments to identify learning priorities and plan relevant and motivating learning experiences for each child that I care for. I will match their observations to the expectations of the development matters principles. I will need to make regular observations on each child, using different techniques. These may include photographs, tick lists written observations and photographs. Where a child is not achieving their development goals I may then decide to speak to the parents regarding accessing other services for the child. All children need to feel valued and given the same options. I will ensure that children, parents/carers and visitors have equal rights and choices. Everyone will be given the respect that we all deserve as individuals. No person will be discriminated against and any remarks or comments of this kind will be challenged and discussed to ensure that it does not happen again. I welcome and include all children, their families and members of the community into my setting and I will ensure my setting is accessible to everyone. If a child in my care had specific requirements, certain changes would be made to the interior and exterior of my premises, dependent on the individuals circumstances. Certain activities are also adapted. All the children who come to my setting will have the same opportunities available to them. I am aware of the following legislation, The Children’s Act, The disability Act, UN convention on the Right of the Child, The children’s Bill 2004 and the Special Educational Needs Discrimination Act 2001. I will talk to different specialist groups, health visitors and read appropriate books to learn more about the condition and needs of the child, thus enabling me to provide the best possible care. If a child required assistance from a speech therapist or occupational therapist, then this could be arranged at my setting if it was more convenient for parents. I will do displays and have equipment in my setting that promotes a positive multi cultural attitude. I welcome parents/carers and visitors to talk about cultures, religions, food, clothes etc. I will never refuse or exclude a child. I will build on each child’s previous experience when accessing play opportunities. I will enable children to gain confidence and independence in play and identify individual requirements and provide appropriate support as/when required. I will also borrow and gain resources to enhance the inclusion of children with mobility or sensory difficulties. During snack time I will encourage children to help where appropriate eg. Older children could help butter crackers, or younger children could help divide fruit onto plates, I will encourage the children to help prepare our shopping list for the week for snacks and mealtimes and also encourage them to help with the meal plan for the week. During our week I will plan our activites a sample week could include : Monday : AM – Childrens centre drop in PM – Park – weather dependant Tuesday AM – Wacky Warehouse PM – play at home LEGO, PUZZLES and nap time Wednesday AM –

Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak Essay Example for Free

Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak Essay The story entitled â€Å"Pigeons at Daybreak† by Anita Desai of India is a representation of love and acceptance. Mr. Basu is the man who is unable to perform his task on his own because of the different illnesses that developed into his body. Otima, the wife of Mr. Basu has the selfless love towards him. She takes care of her husband despite of all the problems and complications that emerged in their situation. Otima used to read the newspaper for Mr. Basu. Because Mr. Basu could not able to read the newspaper due to poor eyesight, Otima produced deeper patience and love for her husband.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the time when their house had no electricity due to electric problems, the two went to the terrace and decided to stay there until the electricity comes back but when the electricity went back, Mr. Basu refused to go back inside the house for it was the time of preparation of leaving. Mr. Basu accepted the fact that his life will soon vanish and become part of heaven. The pigeons in the terrace where Mr. Basu died symbolize his spirit and his journey in the next life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story is simple yet attackable. Its tragic situation brought life to the whole story. Then, with a swirl and flutter of feathers, a flock of pigeons hurtled upwards and spread out against the dome of the sky – opalescent, sunlit, like small pearls (Desai 228). This ending part of the story compressed the entire claim of the story. It means that the ending of the story signifies life as its wondrous creation but soon will end because every one of us will leave the world in beauty and a new journey will begin. Desai, A. (date). Pigeons at Daybreak. pp.220-228 Book Report on Pigeons at Daybreak. (2017, Feb 26). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Labor studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Labor studies - Research Paper Example The body gets into the resolution of disputes over the foreign market access and on the issues that influence the trade patterns between the signatories (Howse 134). All these are done with the intent of improving the lives of the people in these regions through free and fair trade between the countries. The objective to improve the lives of people on the trade links and platforms by the WTO are based on the efforts to ensure full employment to the people and regulation of the labor standards. The body was formed by the world laborers who wanted to improve the living standards of the workers through the establishment a candid and sound body to advocate for the rights of the laborers. The WTO has the power to review the laws of a nation which promote the unfair treatment of the workers. These laws are reviewed and various issues addressed so that the workers’ rights are advocated for. Through this mechanism, the WTO advocates for the lower wages for the workers. The organization also strives to meet the demands of the laborers on the issues linked to the labor rights and the free trade agreements and negotiations (Howse 131). Ideologically, it is proved to be wrong and unfair when the producers of the developed industrial countries compete with the imports from the nations with the low wage rates and poor labor standards. The economic effects of the unfavorable competitions are likely to lead to comparative disadvantages to the low wage-rates countries and their workforce. The general objective of the WTO in relation to the improvement of the living standards of the workers has been met through a number of actions in trying to protect the rights of the workers (Powell 91). The World Trade Organization has used the following strategies to realize the objective of creating the conditions of lower wages and the improvement of the lives of workers worldwide: The linking of labor rules is a method that has been used by the WTO to improve the

Case Study Based Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study Based Report - Essay Example Samsung electronics was a brand that was known for producing cheap products. It used to make black and white television and calculators from the year 1969 to 1990. But then things started to change. Samsung unveiled a new strategy called â€Å"new management† which was a top to bottom strategy for the whole company. In the year 2009, Samsung reached a revenue of $117 billion with profit of $8.3 billion. Inter-brand selected Samsung as the fastest growing brand for a time span of more than five years. Samsung electronics became one of the leading producers of semiconductors. Samsung became one of the largest consumer electronic conglomerates in the world. As a brand, Samsung also got listed in the list of Fortune Magazine’s hundred largest global corporations. ... Hence, the main focus should be on as to what are the factors that led to such a massive transformation. Based on the case analysis it can be figured out that the Top to bottom strategy adopted by Lee Byung Chull had three important factors that were instrumental is providing strategic direction to the company. The three main factors happened to be the new product development process, adoption of product test marketing and positioning strategy of the products (Czinzota, Ronkainen, Moffett, Marinova & Marinov, 2009, pp. 423-429). New Product development focus Samsung hired some new fresh young designers to get a set of fresh ideas. These designers unleashed a surge of new products. The product development team focused on producing sleek, beautiful and bold products to target high end user in terms of product quality. The difference with the past was that the team was not looking to produce â€Å"me-too† products. The concentration of the company on new product development, exis ting product improvement and overall R&D was the key (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Adoption of the test marketing concept Product test marketing is an actually one of the steps of the new product development. In order to be a really â€Å"Wow† product each and every product produced by the company started going through market testing. Products that did not a get â€Å"Wow† feedback from the customers went back to the design lab. Samsung started conducting integrated tests of the products as well as the total marketing program including branding, advertising, distribution, packaging, segmentation, targeting, positioning at each and every marketing and budgeting levels. This helped the management to get valuable information regarding the â€Å"go or no go

Hypothesis and Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hypothesis and Conclusion - Essay Example The antiterrorism measures taken by security agencies following the September 11 attacks, discourages the citizens from volunteering relevant security information to security agencies (Hardin, 2003). This hypothesis will enable me define the scope of my investigation and method of conducting investigations through interviews. Although conducting interviews is an expensive research methodology, it the most appropriate in qualitative studies. This is because the method enables a researchers to answer several questions such as why certain occurrences or phenomenon occurs the way they do (Silverman, 2009). Interviews are conducted on a one-to-one basis and, this stand out as the main limitation of this research method. To utilize this method a researcher requires a set of questions and a means of recording information obtained from a respondent. Information or response of a respondent can be recorded through note taking, personal memory or using audio recording devices such as audio tapes. Questioners are the most important tool in research or investigations using interviews (Palgrave, 2011). Questionnaires have either open-ended questions or closed questions and the choice of question depends on the expected response. The first step towards achieving a successful investigation through interviews is identifying a sample. This is important since it is difficult or impossible to conduct an investigation using the entire population. The second step involves designing of questionnaires that involves setting a set of question that the researcher considers appropriate. The question should be tested before a researcher goes to the field in order to ensure that they are sensitive to the society. A pilot study is then conducted to establish the expectation of the actual study. Pilot studies also enable the researchers to refine the questionnaire and estimate budgetary requirements (Palgrave, 2011). A pilot study

FreeWill and Determinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FreeWill and Determinism - Essay Example nment and chains, social constraints such as threat of punishment and censure, as well as mental constraints for example genetic predispositions, compulsions, and neurogical disorders. These constraints make individuals not to have free will. One might tend to think that since he or she can examine his or choices, conscious of making decisions and can perform corresponding actions then there is free will (Chorney et al 28). This is not true. It is possible that one could have the opportunity of choosing freely even though in fact one can never do. Notable issue as far as free will is concerned is that we can’t prove that we have free will by just indicating out that it seems as if we do. It is clearly possible to have the experience of free will even if in reality we do not have free will itself. Compatibilists which means those who define free will without reference to determinism argues that determinism is compatible with free will. Additionally, they consider the argument between hard determinists and libertarians over free will versus determinism as untrue dilemma. Another notable aspect of the compatibilists is that not being caused is not enough condition for freedom but not even a needed condition. They argue that if an action is uncaused, it seems to be random. Their main view is that free actions are not uncaused actions, but it refers to the actions that are caused in a certain way. The compatibilist indicates that first an action is free if and only if its cause is internal instead of being external to the agent. However, it is worth to note that this is not a clear definition since an action can result to internal cause yet it is not free. For instance, even though sneezing has internal cause, it is not a free action. Secondly, they argue that an action is free o nly when it is due to agent’s beliefs and desires. Even though this seems to be acceptable, it is still faced with counterexamples since there are cases where an action is caused by

Servant leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Servant leadership - Research Paper Example At the organizational level, leadership remains core. Depending on the nature and effectiveness of the leadership employed in an organization, the organization might succeed and experience increased productivity, or it might experience adverse effects. This is mainly because, in an organization, leadership has an impact on employees, and other vital functions that determine the productivity level of the organization. This paper discusses leadership in an organization, mainly basing on the model of servant leadership that was advanced by Greenleaf H., and special attention is drawn to the not for profits organizations. All organizations must have a form of leadership; however, leadership varies depending on the type of organization. Therefore, there is a difference in the way leadership is practised in not for profit organizations and those organizations in the public sector. According to Erickson (2007) research on leadership in not for profit organizations is scarce, as more research efforts are aimed at the organizations in the public sector. Therefore, by focusing more on leadership in not for profit organizations, this paper will make important contribution to the knowledge on this topic. According to Eisenhower Dwight, â€Å"Leadership is the art of getting someone else to do something you want done because he wants to do it† (Hughes et al, 2006, p. 405). This shows that for one to be a leader, he or she must have some kind of an influence on the followers. It can also be concluded from this definition that in order for a leader to ensure the success of their organization, he or she must create commitment among the followers, who are employees, and also ensure that the employees are willing to work towards improvement in different aspects of the organization. The past decades have seen great change in the social, economic, and political aspects in

Western Civilization of the French Revolution Essay

Western Civilization of the French Revolution - Essay Example It essentially detailed his life, including capture, slavery, brutality, and eventual literacy. It was created in the United Kingdom. It is useful to historians because it provides a first-hand account of slavery, something that is relatively hard to come by, as so few were literate. The French Revolution was one of the most turbulent times in western history – it involved mass uprisings, huge reversals in power and wealth, and had one of the strangest endings: the rise of Napoleon. The development of one of the world’s most famous late emperors is a strange ending to a democratic revolution. Some argue that Napoleon largely upheld revolutionary values during his reign – and indeed there are some ways this was true, such as installing a civil code of laws to replace the whims of rulers, aristocrats and so forth and would eventually be a major influence in many countries around the world. However, this and similar achievements cannot overshadow the fact that the fundamentals of the revolution were populist, and an emperorship is anything but. If the spirit of the revolution was enshrined in the phrase â€Å"Libertà ©, Égalità ©, Fraternità ©,† then it is clear Napoleon did not live up to those standards. As mentioned previously, it is tempting to argue that Napoleon upheld many aspects of the revolution. Certainly his reign was nothing like as terrible to the French populace as that of the monarchs that proceeded the revolution: the economy was largely stabilized, wealth was less concentrated in the hands of the wealthy than previously and so forth. His Civil Code embodied many of the features present in the declaration of the rights of man,1 especially in imagining the rule of law as the prime mechanism of power, replacing the absolute control held by previous monarchs. While these achievements should be

An Intelligence View of Music Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

An Intelligence View of Music Education - Essay Example This certainly puts a whole new perspective on music education. Parents and teachers can now understand the great potential that resides un-explored in the mind of a child and know that music holds the key to unlock that potential. The narrative style is very simple and easy to follow. That is another achievement by Dr Harvey as he has spared us the high-sounding, difficult to pronounce technical jargon associated with brain studies. Sequential details make it easy to follow the chronology of development in this field. The under-tone of the article is that after knowing the unique qualities of music education, it does not have to remain an "extra-curricular" activity. As Ives said, "Music expands my mind and challenges me to be a true individual". That is good enough reason to make music education a part of education curriculum. Research Proposal Music Education - Just Arts or Smarts "Music is about communication, creativity, and cooperation, and, by studying music in school, students have the opportunity to build on these skills, enrich their lives, and experience the world from a new perspective". These words of former President Bill Clinton sum up the point of view of music education proponents. The advocates of music education consider music education essential for development of both intellectual and aesthetic faculties. Several studies have confirmed that music directly enhances learning through increased spatial development. Math and reading are improved by learning rhythms and decoding notes and symbols. So there appears to be cross disciplinary learning in music.[1]. On the internet, www.childrenmusicworkshop.com is a strong advocate of music education. They say that, "it is...â€Å"Music is about communication, creativity, and cooperation, and, by studying music in school, students have the opportunity to build on these skills, enrich their lives, and experience the world from a new perspective†. These words of former President Bill Clinton sum up the point of view of music education proponents. The advocates of music education consider music education essential for development of both intellectual and aesthetic faculties. Several studies have confirmed that music directly enhances learning through increased spatial development. Math and reading are improved by learning rhythms and decoding notes and symbols. So there appears to be cross disciplinary learning in music.[1]. On the internet, www.childrenmusicworkshop.com is a strong advocate of music education. They say that, â€Å"it is an anomaly that while music is undermined in our public schools as a legitimate subject for serious study, there is a rise in the body of research demonstrating that music is a valuable tool for educators. Those who consider music to be an extra-curricular activity unworthy of inclusion as a core subject are overlooking the unique qualities that music instruction provides to all children†. [2]. In the words of Dr Arthur Harvey of the University of Hawaii (Manoa) :- â€Å"Three major developments in recent years have strengthened our position in promoting music as a significant and research supported discipline that ought to be the core of the curriculum.

Social Implications of Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Social Implications of Business Ethics Essay In this task I will be looking at various business practices in any area of activity and explain how those actions have an effect on society as a whole, the areas of activity I will be discussing in this report are: Ethics in finance, e.g. bribery Ethics in human resource management e.g. discrimination Ethics in production, e.g. animal testing Ethics in sales and marketing, e.g. spamming Ethics in intellectual property, e.g. software privacy I will also be investigating how my chosen business Timberland considers these issues and addresses them. The Timberland company was set up in 1955 by the Swartz family. Originally a shoe store based in Abington, Massachusetts the small family business has grown into one of the most easily recognisable brands of modern times. Since its inception in 1955, be it either under the Abington shoe company brand name or under the Timberland company brand name, one thing has remained the same, its business Code of Ethics Charter. Timberland Code of Ethics Charter Timberland has a site dedicated to their beliefs of ethics and explains what is expected of their employees and what consumers should expect from Timberland as a business regarding ethics. Their mission statement reads, We believe the honest and ethical conduct of our employees is an essential prerequisite to our success as a company. There is a direct relationship between the code of conduct of the company and the employees, and the attainment of our corporate missions and goals. Maintaining the highest standard of ethical behaviour is consistent with our core values of Humanity, Humility, Integrity and Excellence. Area of Activity: Ethics in Finance In regards to ethics, when most people think of ethics they think of various scandals and illegal trading which appears to be ever present in the news such as insider trading, bribery, lobbying and executive pay. Some of the more recent unethical actions which have happened are the MPs expenses scandal which occurred in mid 2009 and the banking crisis which started in late 2008. This is a concern for ethics as individuals want to know who they are doing business with and if they can trust them, for example If a business is accused of being unethical because they bribed a member of parliament in order to gain an unfair advantage over competitors so they could evade paying a certain amount of tax or VAT then not only are they giving themselves a bad name but they are also ruining the reputation of their business associates and partners who may decide they no longer wish to provide their service to that business in order to save their own credibility. NEED TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION EXPLAINING WHY THIS AREA IS A CONCERN FOR ETHICS.CHECK YOUR NOTES! There are several key areas where ethics can be questioned in terms of finance and these include: * Insider trading is the illegal trading, buying or selling of corporate stock based on information received which has not been made public and is supposed to remain confidential; insider trading is a common law broken by employees. The Timberland Company set up its Code of Ethics Charter to provide assurance to its customers but also to provide guidelines to employees so that they can clearly understand what is expected of them from the business. The Timberland Code of Ethics Charter clearly states that the securities laws set up within the business strictly prohibits insider trading and tells employees what to do if they are in doubt as to what information can be shared and what to do if they are in any doubt as to what information can be shared and what information must remain private. Employees and directors may not trade in or even recommend company stock whilst in possession of any information. Timberlands insider trading policy applies to all employees and directors. * Bribery is a form of corruption in which an individual or business may offer a payment or gift to a person in a position of trust in order to gain an unfair advantage over other competitors. On the 20th of July 2010 the UK ministry of Justice announced that a new, modern and comprehensive bribery act will be brought into force in April 2011. The new act replaces the existing legislation known as the Prevention of Corruptions Act of 1889 1916. The Timberland Companys general principles, Code of Ethics Charter and compliance guidelines state their policy on bribery is that they are not permitted in any circumstances and that they believe a bribe can be anything from a simple gift or an undercover payment. Their general principles also state that any individuals suspected of accepting or being involved in bribery in anyway will be held accountable in a court of law and will be dealt with by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. BRIBERY NEED TO DISCUSS * Executive pay is the financial compensation paid to an executive official within an organisation, most executives would receive their basic salary along with added incentives such as share options, annual bonuses, salary rises and pension schemes. Many employees in a business may feel disheartened by the gulf in salary between them and their chief executive, especially in the middle of a recession as the public are being made more and more aware of the bonuses many executives are receiving whilst other employees are being made redundant. Many people regard this to be unethical as it is taking money away from a bunch of employees and putting it into the pocket of one executive who may not even work as hard as the individuals who may be regarded as below them in the hierarchal structure of the business. Recent news reports suggest that the new chief executive of the bank Barclays Bob Diamond is in line to receive a bonus of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8million despite only being in the job for just 9 days, the story so far has caused outrage amongst Barclays employees who feel the money should be given to existing employees or pumped back into the economy. The Timberland Company dont currently have any publicly viewable policies or corporate guidelines regarding executive pay. EXECUTIVE PAY NEED TO DISCUSS * Lobbying is a form of corruption when a business will use personal contacts, peer pressure, public pressure or political action in order to persuade a politician to make a decision which will benefit the business. Currently lobbying is not illegal which means it is easy for big multi national organisations to get away with changing legislation to benefit them but affected their competitors if they have the right connections to the right people in power. The Timberland Companys policy on lobbying is that no director, executive, officer or manager has the authority to breach or violate any government law in any country that Timberland operates in, nor may they engage in any activity that involves benefiting one individual party whilst others dont have the opportunity to. LOBBYING NEED TO DISCUSS Area of Activity: Ethics in Human Resource Management Human resource management is the management of the workforce of a business to ensure sufficient staff levels with the right skills that are properly motivated and equally rewarded. The human resource department is one of the key elements in Timberlands organisational structure, without it the business would be an inefficient, unproductive business which manufactured sub standard products. The human resource department in the Timberland Company is responsible for overseeing a variety of issues such as contract of employment violations and employee problems and queries. The human resource department of Timberland recently put into place the Fair and Equal Treatment Policy. The policy was designed to promote fairness in the workplace. The code clearly states that no factory employee be disciplined through corporal punishment, harassed, abused or run the risk of employee retribution on the basis of expressing grievances predicted on the violations of basic human rights. To promote equality, Timberlands code prohibits status discrimination based upon race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion or for any other reason. When a candidate is applying for a job and is invited for an interview it is important that Timberland act ethically and treat every individual candidate fairly and equally, they must not discriminate against any candidate in any way, shape or form regarding their age, race, colour, ethnicity, sex, religion or political views. In order to remain as ethical as possible Timberland should look to tweak their recruitment process so that they can ensure no individual candidates will feel targeted throughout the recruitment process and that all the personal information gathered from the candidates remains as confidential as possible. Many employers give applicants various tick boxes to fill in on their application forms, the only answer which appears on every question that candidates can tick is the answer would rather not to say. This cuts down on discrimination as employers can not make pre judgements on any candidates based on the information received in their application which may help the candidate to be successful at their attempt to get the job. To date Timberland has yet to be accused of discrimination, this is due to the high levels of transparency within the business an Timberlands attempts to broaden consumers awareness of what Timberland is trying to achieve as a business and what it is planning corporately. One of the most growing concerns amongst employees is workplace surveillance through CCTV footage, internet activity and email monitoring. Many businesses now offer their own dedicated email service which allows employees to communicate with one another through email rather than passing memos to one another. Although this may seem like the business is offering something positive to the employees, many believe there is a hidden agenda behind it. The administrators who monitor the email service can also go through the individual emails of every employee registered to the service and can view every email without the employee even knowing. Many people argue that this is an invasion of privacy and that employers shouldnt be allowed to pay attention to every aspect of the employees working life however employers argue that it is up to the employee if they wish to work in that environment and it is not a requirement for the employee to sign up for the email service and should not use the email service for personal use. Some businesses tend to overstep the boundaries and may do things which may not seem ethically correct such as firing employees for matters that did not happen during working hours or do not affect the business. An example of this is when 16 year old Kimberly Swann was dismissed from her post at Ivell Marketing Logistics after three weeks of employment for describing her office job as boring on the social networking site Facebook. Steve Ivell of Ivell Marketing Logistics said the decision was made to dismiss Kimberly because she had shown disrespect to her employer and her dissatisfaction undermined her relationship with the business which made it untenable. Many people agreed with Kimberly Swanns response to the statement made by her former employer that she shouldnt be persecuted for a throw away comment made after a tiring day at the office for a 16 year old. Ms. Swann believes that what her former employer did was unethical and she shouldnt have been dismissed for something which happened out of work hours and was written on her personal page whilst in her own time on her personal computer. You also need to discuss the ethical concerns that some have in regards to recruitment. What must Timberland ensure they do to ensure fairness in recruitment (use you unit 13 notes, e.g. same interviews questions, balanced interview panel, etc.) Has Timberland been accused of discrimination in recruitment? If not, include a business which has! You also need to discuss the concerns some have about the increasing level of workplace surveillance why are people concerned? Use the Facebook example we discussed in class! Area of Activity: Ethics in Production The production process involves transferring a range of inputs into the outputs desired by the target market. The production process requires two main resources; the transforming resources and the transformed resources. Transforming resources include the building where the product is manufactured, machinery, computers and employees. The transformed resources are the raw materials which compose the end product. To make sure that their production process is ethical a business must look at a range of issues such as: * Genetically modified food Many food producing companies in the US have come under heavy criticism for modifying their products without informing customers. One of the more recent cases was Monsanto An agricultural company which helps farmers develop new technology and produce better quality crop was charged by the California Northern District Court with for producing low quality crop which was to be distributed to countries which forbid the growing of genetically modified crops. Although no charges were ever made against the company, it was a wake up call to other businesses that their practices are being closely monitored and scrutinised. However they argue that in order to protect the food from insects, parasites, weed and unfriendly bacteria it must be genetically modified so that they arent attracted to it in anyway. By keeping the insects away there will be more crop which means more money for the farmers however many people believe this is an unethical tactic used by farmers to get as much money as possible and that the GM food could contain harmful viruses or diseases. you need to tell me what it is and why some believe it is unethical * Product testing on animals Many people believes this to be the biggest argument regarding ethics believing that it is wrong for businesses to use defenceless animals who do not share the same genes and DNA as humans to test their products on. A counter argument to this statement is that in order for scientists to find cures to medical diseases there must be some way for them to be able to test the products without using illegal methods such as trialling them on humans. One of the strongest and most controversial arguments raised from this topic is that why do people believe it to be wrong to test cosmetic products on animals but not medical products which could potentially hurt or even kill them. Timberland have issued numerous press releases stating that they in no way support animal testing nor do they practice it themselves and that 80% of raw materials they use for their products is recycled with plans to use recycled materials 100% on all of their products by 2014. you need to explain what it means, why some are against it and why some people do not mind. * Planned Obsolescence Planned Obsolescence is when a business deliberately design a product which can be sold to the public with a few flaws and can be improved in an upgraded model which will be sold again to the public at a later stage. An example of this is Apples iphone. The first iphone was released on the 29th of June 2007. The original model could ring, send and receive text messages, send and receive email messages, browse the internet with a wifi connection and users could download custom applications. One of the flaws of the original model was the camera didnt have a flash and the internet wasnt fast enough when users didnt have access to a wifi connection. The iphone 3g was then released a year later to succeed the original iphone, the difference between the two models was that now users could access the internet almost anywhere thanks to the 3g connectivity but the camera still lacked flash, optical zoom, auto focus and didnt support video recording. Apple have released a new and improved model of the iphone annually since the launch of their first iphone and released the iphone 4 on the 24th of June 2010. The fourth instalment of the apple iphone was now fully equipped to do everything users could ask for ranging from the internet issues to a new and improved 5 mega pixel camera which supported HD video recording, had digital zoom and had an LED flash. you need to explain what it means with an example, why some are against it and why some people do not mind. * Environmental ethics some questions are raised about how ethical products are produced in terms of the environment. The Timberland Company take this seriously and have introduced the Green index in 2007, a unique calculating tool which can measure the impact manufacturing their boots has on the environment and allows customers to see the carbon footprint Timberland creates. In 2008 Timberland expanded the Green Index programme to include the carbon footprint created from the entire range of Timberland products. Area of Activity: Ethics in Sales and Marketing Businesses such as Timberland manufacture a variety of products and are constantly updating them in order to keep the attention of their audience and maintain its market share. Sometimes a business may decide to use unethical methods to help boost sales and raise the company profile. Some of the unethical techniques a business may use include slandering other businesses or even providing false information when promoting and selling products. In 2001 the supermarket Tesco was charged by the Advertising Standards Agency (ASA) for misleading its customers. Tesco mislead its customers on price comparisons, comparing the prices of rival business Sainsburys with its own prices however the prices shown for Tesco products were all on a discounted promotion at the time but were not at Sainsburys. However, the main types of unethical activities in terms of sales and marketing are: * Product Placement Sometimes a business may decide to place their product in a television programme or in a movie, this is known as subliminal advertising . It is the easiest way for businesses to expose their products to customers without their knowledge. However it can be expensive, some producers may charge the business more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1million for their product to be in front of the camera for just a few seconds or even mentioned as part of the dialogue in a script for just one sentence in the entire film. Some consumers believe this to be unethical as people who pay money to go to the cinema do not wish to view a hidden advertisement during their film and have no choice but to sit and watch throughout the entire film. People who watch television at home may not like watching adverts and would rather flick through different channels whilst waiting for their original programme to come back on than sit and watch four minutes of advertising. Whilst agreeing the terms and conditions for TV licensing one of the key points the BBC agreed to was to no advertising and no product placement so rather than advertising products at the end of a programme, the BBC will just advertise its own upcoming programmes and its programmes rather than referring to or showing the brand name of a product such as mobile phone, they will just show the phone itself with the brand name hidden. Timberland have used product placement in various television programmes and films such as in the heist film TAKERS. All of the actors involved in robbing from the bank never mentioned any brands of the clothes they were wearing but were constantly referring to their Timberland boots and how they were the best for the job. The Timberland Company have confirmed that they did agree to the actors mentioning their product but did not ask them to continually mention them to get the viewers attention. People may still view this as unethical as although it was the film producers who approached Timberland, they still had the option of rejecting the offer. GOOD CRITIQUE! * Greenwashing Green washing can be defined as the act of misleading consumers or being untruthful about the environmental practices of a company, or the environmental benefits of a product or service. A business may choose to use this technique in order to attract more customers and appeal to a wider market. The Timberland Company have a full website dedicated to explaining its views on ethics and have set out four pillars which are updated annually and analysed regularly to ensure all targets are met. If any of these were found to be incorrect, this would be an example of green-washing. * Spamming in business this is where a company may often send various newsletters and promotional emails to somebody who has never signed up to the newsletters and often do not wish to receive the newsletters and updates because of the volume of emails being received. Businesses that do use this method often use a false email address which can not be replied to or blocked. Many businesses say they only use this method to gain the attention of potential customers and promote their products and services. Many people believe this is unethical as the recipient of the spam email has not agreed to receive the junk email and have no alternative but to ignore and delete all emails which they suspect to be junk or spam that clog up their email account. Spam emails are regarded as a breach of the Data Protection Act 1998 as the only way a business can obtain the email addresses of customers is through purchasing them from other businesses with the consumers consent. Area of Activity: Ethics in intellectual property Intellectual property law gives people the rights to their own creations such as ideas, concepts, videos or music sounds. The most common way people protect their intellectual property is through copyrights, patents and trademarks. Ethical issues which arise from intellectual property are: * Counterfeiting A counterfeit is a forged copy of a product or brand name with the intent to deceiving people. The counterfeiter copies the original idea of a product or service and alters it slightly to either pass it off as their own or to deceive people into believing it is genuine. Tesco have been accused on numerous occasions of selling counterfeit versions of products from top designers such as Tommy Hilfiger and have faced numerous court cases and legal action. * Piracy Piracy is the unauthorised copying and distributing of a product. Reproducing a product without the consent of its original creator is illegal and can lead to a large fine and a jail sentence. An example of piracy sharing is online peer to peer programs such as Limewire. For years Limewire was used by millions of people to share illegal products with one another rather than obtaining them legally which caused many people to lose money such as musicians, film producers, computer programmers. Eventually enough evidence was put together to charge the creators of Limewire who were subsequently fined, jailed and had their peer to peer sharing software shut down permanently. Piracy is a growing concern and is becoming a losing battle for prosecutors as many websites which stream illegally sourced movies and songs are being shut down and are back live again under a similar name on a new server within an hour. Implications If a business chooses to ignore the ethical concerns of its customers then they are giving themselves a negative image and gain negative publicity and bad press which will cause them to lose money and drive away customers. Every business must make sure it listens to and takes into consideration the different corporate and environmental implications in order to ensure their popularity is maintained and attract more customers. Corporate implications are to do with the day to day running of a business looking at the corporate social responsibility policies, employee hiring and firing, consumer protection and managing suppliers. The Timberland Company have a clear Code of Ethics Charter which is available to all employees, investors, potential customers, potential investors and general members of the public. Their charter was set up to show employees and partners and future partners what Timberland is trying to achieve ethically as a business. Environmental implications are ethical issues which affect the environment such as pollution, recycling, using renewable sources and water conservation. Timberland have become very environmentally ethical since 2006 and have created a whole new line of products created solely from recycled products using renewable energy. Timberland also has a website detailing their four pillars which they have built their organisational structure around, the four pillars are : Energy : Becoming carbon neutral Products : Design products for recyclability Workplaces : Fair, safe and non-discriminatory workplaces Service : Community greening Conclusion In conclusion I believe that in order for a business to be truly ethical it must take into consideration all environmental and corporate implications and analyse their business practices before truly declaring themselves as an ethical business. 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