Impact of Religion on Global Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Impact of Religion on Global Economy - Essay Example The work concerns the problem of what factors drive the economic activities and to what purpose these activities are intended to. The author describes views of a number of schools on the matter. The work shows the latest studies, where the focus shifted to religion as the driving and blocking force for many economic activities on individual as well as the global level. This paper is intended to analyze the nature of impact of the religion on the economic growth, economic policies, and global economy. To achieve this purpose, the discussion is divided into two parts. The first part is dedicated to the revision of what various theories and the researchers have to say about the issue. While, the second part of the discussion is focused on some examples demonstrating what is revealed out by the researchers and their theories. The author comes to the conclusion that an action motivated by the religious sentiments drastically affect the global economies. Business / economics and the religi on both affect each other. The examples of the US Immigration Policy, the trade relation of Israel, oil crisis of 1973 etc. all these portray a fine picture of the fact that the religion has, to a very great extent, been a source of effecting the economy. The economic motives are often influenced by the religious motives, or vise versa, the economic policies may impact the religion as well. The author states that in the contemporary world the change in any dimension of one nation may affect another nation significantly.

Cell Phone in Life Essay Example for Free

Cell Phone in Life Essay In modern life, cell phone is an indispensable tool to all people. To everyone, a cell phone is a magic tool, which is a mean of telecommunication, an entertainment device and a great work supporter. To me, I cannot imagine how I can live without my phone. The basic function of a cell phone is to connect people. We use our cell phones to communicate with the other ones. For example, we can talk to parents and send our love to them in a thousand mile away in a second. We can help people who are in an emergency with a finger. Or simply, we can gather our friends to hang out have fun with easy calls or texts. A cell phone is a magic tool, which can help us contact people only with a hand. Moreover, a cell phone is an excellent tool we need for our studying and business. At school, some applications of cell phone help us solving the problems in class. For example, we can record the lectures of professors in class and watch his lecture again at home in order to better understand the knowledge, or when applying knowledge, we can take some pictures in the lab class to observe our lab results better. At work, our cell phones can be a USB to store data, or a mini computer to send our report, and even a small portable computer to surf the Internet, which is essentially important to every businessman. A cell phone is vital to an entrepreneur or a student‘s career. Finally, another advantage of cell phones is to entertain. In our cell phones, we can store our favorite songs to listen to when feeling sad, videos and pictures of our beloved ones to view when we miss them, which makes us happier. We can also play games in our cell phones, helping us burning off stress and starting to feel happy again. Without cell phones, our life would be much less enjoyable. For instance, your best friend is upset about problems of her or his family. You can comfort her or him by your favorite songs, and then look for something fun, like game or funny video to relax. With a cell phone, we will never have to be sad for a long time. Today, everybody prepares himself or herself with a cell phone, like a vital thing in his or her modern life. As the cell phones are improved with advance functions, they will make our lives more convenient and comfortable. People are advised to equipped themselves with a cell phone to improve their lives.

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performances Physical Education Essay

How Does Nutrition Affect Athletic Performances Physical Education Essay Athletes are dedicated to their sport. They exercise daily, train with professionals, perform weight lifting, engage in team practices, and athletes compare their performances with opponents. All this commitment is an effort to make the human body work more efficiently. Continuous exercise and training strengthens the muscles to work better in conjunction with the bones. Baseball pitchers would want to train the arm muscles to throw a blazing fast pitch, long distance runners would work to control the respiratory system in order to finish strong at the end of an extensive race, and football players build on agility and muscular endurance sequentially outrunning the opponent. Todays athletic generation has cause competiveness in sports to reach unprecedented levels. However, are athletes consuming the right foods to fulfill these activities? Adequate nutrition is an integral aspect to athletic performance. Athletes that demand for higher performance in their sports or training, should have a high nutritional value in relation to their activities. This will require healthy eating habits between activities. It is critical to maintain a balance healthy diet before and after performance in order to achieve maximum performance. A good diet with adequate nutrition such as calories, vitamins, minerals, protein and water will help provide the energy required to carry out the activity. Athletes acquire energy from the foods they eat. Food can be further divided into two categories: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients supply an athlete with direct sources of energy for daily life activities and physical exercise. Macronutrients include proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Micronutrients aid in the processes of life, such as digestion and food metabolism. They are not able to provide energy, but they are essential in generating energy for the human body. Examples of micronutrients are: vitamins and minerals. Protein is a macronutrient involved in many chemical processes of life. Proteins are specialized for different organs and species. Proteins are combinations of amino acids that combine in various ways to make muscle, bones, tendons, skin and many other tissues. When proteins are broken down by the body at ingestion, amino acids are formed. There are 20 amino acids which help form human proteins, however only 9 are essential. Meaning 9 out of the 20 proteins are supplied by the food we eat, because the human body is unable to produce them through synthetic processes in the cell. Protein is one of the components in body tissues, necessary for cell growth and repair, as well as in hormones, enzymes, the immune system, and body fluids. Athletes need protein primarily to repair and rebuild muscle that is broken down during physical exercise. It also aids in optimizing carbohydrate storage. Protein is the last source of energy used when other macronutrients are available. When the body lac ks adequate carbohydrate, the body turns to protein as a source of fuel for physical activity. During extreme physical activity, muscle tissue becomes an energy source because there is an insufficient amount of fat and carbohydrate consumed. Therefore it is necessary to maintain a balance of protein intake everyday, to make up for the protein lost in the muscle tissue during an increase in intensity when training. Research has shown an amino acid known as creatine can help enhance athletic performance. Derived from other amino acids, glycine, arginine, and methionine, creatine is stored in the skeletal muscle as creatine phosphate. The job of creatine phosphate is to help facilitate the production of energy. With an increase store of creatine phosphate in the body, the ability to produce energy during high intensity training is improved. As well, the googelpeed of recovery after the exercise will improve. Athletes can obtain creatine primarily from meat and fish. Carbohydrates are the primary fuel for the exercising muscles and are essential for supporting an athletes training and performance. They are the major energy source for anaerobic and aerobic activity. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose molecules and stored in our skeletal muscles and liver as glycogen. The amount of glycogen stored affects stamina and endurance. After an athlete is done training, glycogen is released from the liver into the bloodstream to restore the glucose levels in the blood and glucose is transported to cells for energy. If the blood glucose levels are low, athletes may feel irritable, tired, and lack concentration interfering with their performance. Glycogen stored in the skeletal muscles provides fuel for the exercising muscles during high and low-intensity activities. There are limited carbohydrate reserves in the body and exercising causes the glycogen stores to become depleted very quickly. During exercise, muscle cells run out of glycogen, the musc les lack energy and fatigue sets in. The performance will suffer, but will vary depending on the sport and its intensity. Therefore, daily carbohydrate consumption and training is necessary to maintain glycogen for optimal performance. In order for athletes to obtain enough energy to maximize athletic efforts, carbohydrates also aid in fat metabolism. The presence of carbohydrates is essential in utilizing fat for energy. In general, endurance athletes use up more carbohydrates than athletes that use energy fro strength and power. To explain this, because endurance athletes are participating in physical activity over a longer period of time, a greater amount of carbohydrates is required by the body to supply the energy for the duration. Whereas athletes involved in strength and power events require less amount of carbohydrates needed by the body to supply a sudden burst of energy for powerful but short-lived physical actions. Athletes should choose foods that provide the most carboh ydrates per calorie. Adequate intake of carbohydrates will prevent protein from being used as energy. When protein in used as a subsidiary, it is broken down to make glucose for energy. As a result the body limits its ability in developing and maintaining tissues, because protein is stressed upon for energy. Ideal sources of carbohydrates include: whole-grain cereal, pasta, brown rice, and bread products. As part of a healthy diet, athletes should include at least two carbohydrate-rich foods accompanying each meal, and at least one with every snack. Prior to competitions, athletes like to load muscles with glycogen to delay fatigue that occurs during endurance events. A diet that contains high nutritious carbohydrates of 55-65% of total calories, is sufficient enough to provide adequate glycogen storages that will help support the athlete in the duration of their performance. Fat is the predominant fuel source during prolonged exercise. The body has unlimited storage capacity for fat, which makes it the largest reserve of energy in the body. It is integral for many metabolic processes including energy production, synthesis of vitamin D, cholesterol, hormones, and transporters of lipid soluble vitamins. Fat can be classified into two categories based on its structure: unsaturated and saturated fats. Unsaturated fats are obtained from plant sources. Advantages of unsaturated fats include lowering cholesterol and reducing the risk of heart disease. Saturated fats on the other hand, come from animal sources and cheese. Saturated fats are not recommended in large consumption to athletes, because an excess of this macronutrient will raise cholesterol or lipid levels in the blood and lead to heart diseases. However fats do hold its place in sports nutrition. Fats are less oxygen-rich, but they can release a greater amount of energy at a greater speed than other nutrients. This will provide an athlete with a concentrated source of energy. Fat becomes calories that are less accessible to athletes performing short-lived activities. Fat is essential for longer and lower intensity endurance exercises. Fats play a second major role in the body, insulation. Fats assist in insulating and protecting vital organs and parts of the body. Athletes can obtain fat from food sources such as milk, butter, meat and oils. Athletes need to carefully monitor the type and the amount of fats they eat. Vitamins are essential micronutrients athletes need to produce energy. Mostly vitamins come from the food we eat, with the exception of vitamin D. Instead of participating in the metabolic processes of nutrients, vitamins help to regulate the reactions in metabolic processes. Vitamins are responsible in facilitating energy release and synthesizing bone and tissue. Absence of a vitamin prevents certain metabolic processes to occur in the cell, and eventually affects the metabolic balance in the body as a whole. Another micronutrient occurs naturally on earth. It is found in the earths waters, soil, and the plants we eat. This micronutrient is known as the mineral. There are seven key minerals: calcium, potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium, chloride, and sulphur. Two minerals that deserve special attention from athletes are iron and calcium. Iron is a main component in the blood. It is critical for red blood cell formation, function and myoglobin composition. Iron operates in the blood as oxygen carriers, a key role in sport performance. If iron levels are low, athletes develop signs of tiredness, poor appetite and an increase in resting pulse rate. This results because inefficient supply of oxygen is distributed to parts of the body. Oxygen combines with glucose to form ATP molecules, the main source of energy for muscles. The greater amount of ATP is stored in the muscles, the more powerful they will be when it performs work. However, when iron levels are low in the blood, muscles do not receive enough oxygen to support exertion. This results in lactic acid being produced and the athlete to endure pain and fatigue in the muscles. Also excess amounts of oxygen in the body help athletes to metabolize lactic acid back to useful energy molecules after exercise. This allows the muscles of athletes to recover faster and be able to carry out physical activity again without resting for long periods of time. Iron can be obtained from many food sources including cereals, red meats, and bread products. When athletes want to develop stronger bones, they think of calcium. Calcium is a micronutrient from the popular dairy food group, comprised of milk, yogurt and cheese. 99 percent of the calcium in our body is stored in the skeletal system, while the remaining 1 percent is accumulated in the muscle cells. During muscle contraction, calcium ions are released to trigger the process. Calcium ions are released into the sarcoplasm and then they find their way to attach onto the troponin molecules. Without the attachment of troponin molecules and calcium, the interaction of actin and myosin leading to muscle contraction will not occur. Thus, if muscle contractions are not generated, athletes are unable to perform their activity. Low calcium levels in the body are in relation to developing low bone density. This causes the bones of the body to become more fragile and vulnerable to stress fractures, as the limiting amount of calcium will be used for muscle contraction. Therefore in order for athletes to withstand intense physical activity, an adequate amount of calcium should be included in their meals. Lastly athletes need to stay hydrated for optimal performance. The human body consumes energy during physical exercise and creates heat. The bodys temperature would rise drastically, causing the body to overheat if heat was not released. In conjunction with the release of heat, the bodys sweat glands discharge fluid to the surface of the skin and evaporate. This overall process is an effort to cool the body, however the body must pay for the cost of dehydration. Water comprises 50-60 percent of the weight in human bodies. This portion of water in the human body helps to regulate heat and maintain a constant body temperature. Water helps to transport nutrients to cells and extract waste products. Water distributes the heat generated by physical activity throughout the body and enables the body to perspire. In general fluids, not just water, are lost when humans perspire, urinate, through feces, and respiration. This is particularly important for athletes because they are under physica lly active conditions. A constant replacement of fluids is necessary for the human body to continue to operate and achieve its optimal performance. Research have discovered when athletes sweat, they lose 1-2% of body weight which is linked to a decrease in blood volume. This process manipulates the heart to work harder to circulate the blood, building up muscle cramps and dizziness. Athletes establish proper hydration by drinking the right fluids during physical activity. This means drinking fluids properly throughout the day when thirsty, and especially before an activity begins. In the course of a long competition, where fluid is being lost in sweat, sport drinks are good subsidiary fluids and electrolytes. The sodium levels in the drinks are ideal replacements of sodium secreted in sweat. Low sodium levels can affect concentration. In general it is not advised for athletes to drink sport drinks such as Gatorade, on a regular basis or every time they participate in physical activi ty. These fluids can interfere with the body absorbing the proper nutrients. The principle that underlies healthy eating and enhancing sports performance is to maintain a balance between the food we eat and the amount of energy that is going to be used for work. Since athletes participate actively in physical exercise, they will need to absorb more energy in the foods they eat. The above principle is expressed as an energy equation: Energy storage = Energy intake Energy output. Energy storage represents the amount of energy left in the body after the amount of energy used is reduced from the amount of energy taken in by the body. If athletes absorb insufficient amounts of energy from food sources, optimal performance will not be achieved. Muscles will weaken without nutrients and negative health consequences become a concern for athletes. Athletes spend many hours training and undergoing physical activity so the body can excel in sport performances. It is important that athletes keep their bodies nourished in order to supply fuel for athletic endeavours. It is necessary for athletes to develop a focus on maintaining proper nutrition, so the hours spent during physical activity and rest are not subjected to waste. Good nutritional habits are necessary to achieve optimal physical performance, however it does not mean that we should differentiate foods into good or bad. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, athletes should consume foods from various food groups and make better food choices at the same time. Daily food choices should include macronutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, and fat, micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, and most importantly fluids, commonly water. Athletes are better equipped to meet their maximal athletic potential if the right foods are taken in the right amounts to fuel the body. Great athletic accomplishments are determined by good nutrition.

Harrison Ainsworth Rookwood :: essays research papers

In the early nineteenth century, an interest in criminals and the common highwayman arose in Europe. Many magazines in London, such as Bentley’s Miscellany, Fraser’s Magazine, and The Athenaeum featured sections that were reserved for stories about highwayman and their numerous adventures. The growing interest in the subject inspired many authors to write about the various exploits of popular criminals and highwayman. Some prominent examples of this type of novel were Edward Bulwer’s Paul Clifford (1830) and Eugene Aram (1832); Charles Dickens’ Oliver Twist (1838-39) and Barnaby Rudge (1841); and William Harrison Ainsworth Rookwood (1834) and Jack Sheppard (1839-40). Several of these novels were based upon famous crimes and criminal careers of the past (Eugene Aram, Dick Turpin in Rookwood, and Jack Sheppard); others derived from contemporary crime (Altick, 1970, p. 72). Although many authors chose to base their stories on criminals, William Harrison Ainsworth’s Rookwood and Jack Sheppard are two of the best examples of the theme of ‘crime and punishment’ in the nineteenth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ainsworth started his writing career as a writer of Gothic stories for various magazines. Gothic elements are included in Ainsworth’s novel: the ancient hall, the family vaults, macabre burial vaults, secret marriage, and so forth (John, 1998, p. 30). Rookwood is a story about two half-brothers in a conflict over the family inheritance. The English criminal who Ainsworth decides to entangle in Rookwood was Dick Turpin, a highwayman executed in 1739. However, echoing Bulwer, Ainsworth’s explanation for his interest in Dick Turpin (like Bulwer’s explanation in his choice of Eugene Aram as a subject) is personal and familial (John, 1998, p. 31). Though the basis of the novels seem similar, Ainsworth treated Dick Turpin in a different way than Bulwer treated Eugene Aram. Ainsworth romanticizes history, but basically sticks to the facts (as far as he knew them). Perhaps more importantly, Ainsworth does not pretend that the Turpin he invents is the real Dick Turpin, nor does he attempt to elevate Turpin’s social class status (John, 1998, p. 32). Ainsworth recalls lying in bed listening to the exploits of ‘Dauntless Dick’, as narrated by his father. Despite Ainsworth’s infatuation with the criminal, the real Turpin was no more interesting a character than an ordinary cat burglar. Besides highway robbery, his affairs included stealing sheep and breaking into farmer’ houses, sometimes with the aid of confederates; and he took a turn at smuggling (Hollingsworth, 1963, p. 99). Although Turpin appears in a considerable part of the novel, he really has no effect on the plot. He stole a marriage certificate, but the incident was not important

Child Rearing Styles

My research participants were working class parents, one of whom is a 35 year old Indian male which is the same ethnic group as I am (participant 1) and the other a 26 year old White male (participant 2). With regard to the information gathered, both parents have similar parenting styles. Both scored highest for authoritative child-rearing style (32 for participant 1 and 38 for participant 2) and second highest on authoritarian parenting style (with scores of 31 and 35 respectively). Tutorial Letter 101 for PYC4805 (2013) mentions that high scores of these two parenting styles could indicate that these parents follow the authoritative style but may act in accordance with the authoritarian style in certain situations (Tut letter 101 PYC4805). Kendra Cherry of About. com enlightens us on each parenting style; the authoritative style parents establish rules and guidelines for which children are expected to follow. This parenting style is much more democratic. Parents are responsive, nurturing, forgiving rather than punishing as well as willing to listen to their children and supply them with advice and guidance. The authoritarian style explains that there are strict rules which parents implement for their children to follow and failure of abiding by these rules is most likely to result in punishment. Parents of this style generally neglect to explain the reasoning behind these rules. These parents place high demands on their children, but are not responsive to them. Uninvolved parenting styles yielded the lowest scores of 19 and 10 for each participant; this is characterised by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication. The prosocial behaviour scores were again very similar (participant 1 scored 90 and participant 2 scored 87). Participant one's child is a 5 year old boy and has more experience in social settings with other children. He attends school and has 3 siblings of which he is the second child, as well as spending a lot of time with other family members, especially his grandparents; this creates many environments in which to adapt and learn prosocial skills. Dekovic & Janssens (1992) found that a child's acceptance by a peer group plays an important role in his or her social and personality development. Participant two's child is a 2 year old boy, is an only child and does not attend day-care and lacks exposure to social settings involving other children. He spends on average, 70 hours a week with his father and is also at an age where he depends on the care of his parents more. Participant 1 spends an average of 29 hours a week.

Does Internet Help Spread Democracy Essay

How invention of the Internet changed the world? How it contributes to the spread of democracy? Does it have any impact on it? These questions are under debate till nowadays. In this paper, I will try to express my viewpoint on this dispute. To begin with, let briefly look at the Egyptian revolution which was held in 2011. It was the first revolution where social media and Internet played the crucial role. † After 30 years of living in a â€Å"fake democratic system† under Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian people had had enough† (Pritamkabe, 2011). After fake election in 2010, people, especially young generation, decided to make a protest in order to create a real democratic system. â€Å"There was no freedom of assembly in Egypt, and protests or political activism was banned† (Pritamkabe, 2011), but social media helped people to band together . Using Twitter and Facebook, people were discussing and organizing protests against the government. Government was not happy about this and later it shut down access to the Internet for 5 days. It made situation even worse and people started to show their disappointment on the streets. A lot of videos were posted on the Youtube and the whole world could be aware about the following circumstances. All in all, the new elections were held and citizens had an opportunity to elect the new president. From this revolution, we can see how much power Internet has nowadays and that this type of media can provide actual and not fake information for other countries. One of the key elements of democracy is the good governance that means that government should focus on public interest and act in behalf of its citizens. Everybody would agree that due to the Internet, it is easier to access information you need. It enables governments, political parties and other political organizations to interface with citizens and present their ideas that lead to an increase in political participation and stimulate democracy. In addition, it allows you as the citizen to meet and exchange the views all the parties concerned. Moreover, Internet and other media help people to be aware what is going on around the world and to be up-to-date about global events. It makes people more educated and helps to make rational decisions. The other element of democracy is a freedom of opinion, speech, press and mass media. Internet is a place, where all these things became possible. Due to the Internet, people can speak their mind, share their own opinions and the most importantly – they would be heard. Now people have an opportunity to come together online and discuss on worldwide problems, provide advices and try to find solutions. Here even long distance does not play a role and it is a huge advantage of the Internet. Government accountability, and have checks and balances in a constitutional system, are crucial elements required for the functioning of a real democracy† (Pritamkabe, 2011). In order to build a good relationship between state government and its citizens, there must be transparency of governmental actions. As the result, it builds trustworthy relationship between people and government that leads to better political participation and fair elections, better observation of election results and reduction of corruption. In fact, Internet and e-governance helps to create it. Certainly, Internet has its negative side. It can be used to promote violence in the world, such as terrorist attacks. For instance, â€Å"terrorist groups like Al Qaeda have been using internet for spreading extremist and anti-American view† (Pritamkabe, 2011). There are still a lot of gang-related videos in such sites as a Youtube, which promote violent actions and incorporates more and more people. Moreover, from the Egypt example, we can see that government have a power to turn off Internet connection with respect to its own interests. It seems to be a violation of democratic system, there freedom of speech, press and mass media have to exist. To conclude, even that Internet have a negative effects on the spread of democracy, generally its positive factors overweight the negative side. I estimate that Internet possibilities, such as we know them today, are not available in non-democratic states. The development of the Internet is a result of joint actions among governments, commercials companies and individuals. It is the result of free movements of ideas and international cooperation on a global scale. In fact, these actions are heavily restricted in non-democratic countries. In authoritarian countries, Internet is used as a tool for the democratic opposition. It is used by the people who are fighting for human rights, free elections and political freedom. Therefore, Internet is a tool for spreading democracy and rooting out authoritarian rule.

Free Essays on Civil Disobedience

What are the Dynamics of Civil Disobedience and Descent in the United States? The use of nonviolence runs throughout history. There have been numerous instances of people courageously and nonviolently refusing cooperation with injustice. However, the fusion of organized mass struggle and nonviolence is relatively new. It originated largely with Mohandas Gandhi in 1906 at the onset of the South African campaign for Indian rights. Later, the Indian struggle for complete independence from the British Empire included a number of spectacular nonviolent campaigns. Perhaps the most notable was the yearlong Salt campaign in which 100,000 Indians were jailed for deliberately violating the Salt Laws. The refusal to counter the violence of the repressive social system with more violence is a tactic that has also been used by other movements. The militant campaign for women's suffrage in Britain included a variety of nonviolent tactics such as boycotts, noncooperation, limited property destruction, civil disobedience, mass marches and demonstrations, filling the jails, and disruption of public ceremonies. The Salvadoran people have used nonviolence as one powerful and necessary element of their struggle. Particularly during the 1960s and 70s, Christian based communities, labor unions, campesino organizations, and student groups held occupations and sit-ins at universities, government offices, and places of work such as factories and haciendas. There is rich tradition of nonviolent protest in this country as well, including Harriet Tubman's Underground Railroad during the civil war and Henry David Thoreau's refusal to pay war taxes. Nonviolent civil disobedience was a critical factor in gaining women the right to vote in the United States, as well. The U.S. labor movement has also used nonviolence with striking effectiveness in a number of instances, such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) free speech confro... Free Essays on Civil Disobedience Free Essays on Civil Disobedience Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† So much has been written on Thoreau’s landmark essay on "Civil Disobedience." Indeed, it has been used as a model for modern day leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr., and Mahatma GandHi. Andrew Trask states, "It is important to remember that Dr. King viewed civil disobedience only as one part of a larger program of reform." He continues, "There are elements of Dr. King's "direct action" of civil disobedience that we must consider: "pure" nonviolence, pragmatic action, and finally, the difference between just and unjust laws." These ideas are clearly Thoreauvian in nature. Furthermore, Gandhi advocated the use of civility at all times- â€Å"the civil register†, which extols respect for the opposition and behavior out of understanding rather than anger. And like Thoreau, Gandhi was constantly seeking the higher truth with regard to man’s relationship in the universe. Although these men were the most famous followers of Thoreau’s ideals, this essay had more wide reaching political an! d social impact than most people understand. The Danish resistance (1940’s) used his theory in Occupied Denmark, in 1950's America it was adhered to by stringent opponents to McCarthyism. In the 1960's it was a means of using passive resistance to create pressure for overturning the laws and customs of racial Segregation and in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. And in the 1970's, it was unearthed by a new generation of anti-war activists. However, it is interesting to note that not all modern day critics agree with Thoreau’s determination towards mass nonviolence. James Goodwin writes: â€Å"Although Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., credited Thoreau as an inspiration to their mass campaigns of passive resistance, in crucial instances his thought appears to be more closely aligned to a doctrine of individual nihilism than to the philosophy of mass nonviolence. One such instance is co... Free Essays on Civil Disobedience What are the Dynamics of Civil Disobedience and Descent in the United States? The use of nonviolence runs throughout history. There have been numerous instances of people courageously and nonviolently refusing cooperation with injustice. However, the fusion of organized mass struggle and nonviolence is relatively new. It originated largely with Mohandas Gandhi in 1906 at the onset of the South African campaign for Indian rights. Later, the Indian struggle for complete independence from the British Empire included a number of spectacular nonviolent campaigns. Perhaps the most notable was the yearlong Salt campaign in which 100,000 Indians were jailed for deliberately violating the Salt Laws. The refusal to counter the violence of the repressive social system with more violence is a tactic that has also been used by other movements. The militant campaign for women's suffrage in Britain included a variety of nonviolent tactics such as boycotts, noncooperation, limited property destruction, civil disobedience, mass marches and demonstrations, filling the jails, and disruption of public ceremonies. The Salvadoran people have used nonviolence as one powerful and necessary element of their struggle. Particularly during the 1960s and 70s, Christian based communities, labor unions, campesino organizations, and student groups held occupations and sit-ins at universities, government offices, and places of work such as factories and haciendas. There is rich tradition of nonviolent protest in this country as well, including Harriet Tubman's Underground Railroad during the civil war and Henry David Thoreau's refusal to pay war taxes. Nonviolent civil disobedience was a critical factor in gaining women the right to vote in the United States, as well. The U.S. labor movement has also used nonviolence with striking effectiveness in a number of instances, such as the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) free speech confro...

Jupiter Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

Jupiter Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers Jupiter Jupiter , ktory je znami od staroveku, je pi atou planetou vporadi od Slnka aprva azarove najvacsia zplynnych obrov. Je to najvacsia planeta slnecnej sustavy, bol teda pravom pomenovany po vladcovi rimskych bohov. Jupiter je asi 11-krat vacsi ako nasa Zem , a jeho hmotnos je 2,5-krat vacsia ako je hmotnos ostatnych planet dokopy. Na oblohe je pozorovateny po vacsinu roka ako vemi napadny objekt . Jupiter navstivilo uz 7 vyskumnych sond. Jeden obeh okolo Slnka trva Jupiteru takmer 12 rokov . Je to najrychlejsie rotujuca planeta. Jeden de na Jupiteri trva priblizne 10 hodin. Jupiter nema pevny povrch . Predpoklada sa, ze ma len male pevn e jadro, obklopene kvapalnym vnutornym plasom. Na povrchu Jupitera su pozorovatene roznofarebne pasy. Su to vlastne mraky, ktore vytvaraju pasy a zony a obiehaju Jupiter, kvoli jeho vysokej rotacnej rychlosti , rovnobezne srovnikom. Pasy su tmave, nizko leziace, horuce vrstvy mrakov. Zony su, naopak, jasne, vysoko polozene, chladnejsie vrstvy mrakov. Vo vnutri tychto oblakov sa vytvaraju obrovske burky. Najvacsou anajznamejsou burkou je Veka cervena skvrna, polozena na juznej pologuli Jupitera. Jupiter ma - zatia objavenych - 67 mesiacov . Najznamejsie mesiace su: Io , Europa, Kalist o a Ganymedes - tiez su zname ako Galileiho mesiace. Ma prstence - nie su tak dobre viditene ako pri napr. Saturne .

Affirmitive Action Essay

Affirmitive Action Essay Have you ever wondered who gets to attend the countrys selective colleges and universities? The really smart kids, the hard workers, star athletes, artists, singers, mathematicians, writers, alumni children? Of course universities want them all. But what about when it comes to race? Suddenly the stakes of getting in are raised. How many African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and Whites should there be in each class? Should acceptance to a school depend on a persons race?Well I believe that acceptance to a school shouldnt be depended on the race of a person. I believe this because its like judging a book by it cover, it doesnt always work out. Let me give you an example just because youre Asian doesnt mean that youre going to be smart, know how to fix a computer, or be a crappy driver. Actually we should all be thought of equals and our race shouldnt matter in being accepted into a college. Colleges shouldnt administer students onto there campuses to keep diversity, but let their capability determine their entrance. College admissions should be determined by academic performance/capabilities instead of ones ethnicity just to increase diversity in the college atmosphere.However, there is another side to this raging debate over affirmative action. There are a more then a handful of minorities that are qualified for admission, but need that extra help affirmative action grants in order to get admission into that top tier university. Some of these people come from economically challenged backgrounds, they meet the requirements that universities require, but do not excel as some of more competitive students that apply. In these type of situations affirmative action, grants admission to the economically challenged student, rejecting the more qualified one. But who are we to say that the kid from the wrong side of tracks, that was raised with seven brothers and sisters, most of whom havent been to college; doesnt disserve his chance to be the first in his family over the pure bread tutored child? For an ethnic minority, the difference between a junior college and UCLA can be cataclysmic. To summarize my opinion regarding affirmative action; I am not supportive of it even though I am a minority. However, I do realize that it does aid some of those in disadvantageous circumstances a chance at colleges they normally would have a difficult time getting into with an average GPA (competing mostly with 4.0s).

Effective Application of Financial Concepts Essay

Effective Application of Financial Concepts - Essay Example Firstly, Project Alpha has the shortest payback period. This implies that it will take the project a shorter period of time to repay its initial investment out of the net cash inflow (Kinney & Raiborn, 2009: 555). The rest of the amount will be profit. Secondly, it has a higher ARR of 29.4% compared to merely 1.6% of the Beta project, making the investment more attractive. The Alpha project is, therefore, more profitable than the Beta project. Finally, Project Alpha has a higher NPV than project Beta. Project Alpha has more cash inflows than project Beta. Payback period is the time that a project takes to recover its expenditure or the amount of time required for a project to repay its initial investment amount out of its cash inflows (Atrill & McLaney, 2011, p.364). PP provides a measure of liquidity founded on the projects expected cash flows (Weingartner 1969: 594). When using payback period, companies normally base their decisions on a maximum time limit that is predefined for projects. A project with the shortest projected time is chosen (Atrill & McLaney, 2011). This method is more realistic because it uses cash flows and not accounting profit. It is simple to calculate and is more useful in situations where there is the rapid change in technology as well as improving investment conditions. Finally, the method favours quick returns by maximising liquidity, minimising risks and helping company growth. The greatest flaw of PP is that it fails to take into consideration the returns after the payback period. It ignores cash flow timings as well as overall project profitability. The method is subjective because it fails to give definite investment signal. Even though payback period gives high emphasis on liquidity, it ignores profitability. It also ignores cash flow after the payback period making it less effective in gauging a project. When using ARR, companies normally base their decisions on a predefined minimum target ARR for projects.  Ã‚  

Critical review of Rheumatoid arthritis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Critical review of Rheumatoid arthritis - Essay Example However, RA involves an attack on the body by its own immune cells (auto-immune disease). Different cases may have different causes. Infectious, genetic, and hormonal factors may play a role. The disease can occur at any age, but it begins most often between the ages of 25 and 55. The disease is more common in older people. Women are affected 2.5 times more often than men. Approximately 1-2% of the total population is affected. The course and the severity of the illness can vary considerably. The onset of the disease is usually gradual, with fatigue, morning stiffness (lasting more than one hour), diffuse muscular aches, loss of appetite, and weakness. Eventually, joint pain appears, with warmth, swelling, tenderness, and stiffness of the joint after inactivity. Joint involvement in RA usually affects both sides of the body equally -- the arthritis is therefore referred to as symmetrical. Wrists, fingers, knees, feet, and ankles are the most commonly affected joints. Severe disease is associated with larger joints that contain more synovium (joint lining). When the synovium becomes inflamed, it secretes more fluid and the joint becomes swollen. Later, the cartilage becomes rough and pitted. The underlying bone eventually becomes affected. Joint destruction begins 1-2 years after the appearance of the disease. Characteristic deformities result from cartilage destruction, bone erosions, and tendon inflammation and rupture. A life-threatening joint complication can occur when the cervical spine becomes unstable as a result of RA. Other features of the disease that do not involve the joints may occur. Rheumatoid nodules are painless, hard, round or oval masses that appear under the skin, usually on pressure points, such as the elbow or Achilles tendon. These are present in about 20% of cases and tend to reflect more severe disease. On occasion, they appear in the eye where they sometimes cause inflammation. If they occur in the lungs, inflammation of the lining of the lung (pleurisy) may occur, causing shortness of breath. Anemia may occur due to failure of the bone marrow to produce enough new red cells to make up for the lost ones. Iron supplements will not usually help this condition because iron utilization in the body becomes impaired. Other blood abnormalities can also be found, for example, platelet counts that are either too high or too low. Rheumatoid vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels) is a serious complication of RA and can be life-threatening. It can lead to skin ulcerations (and subsequent infections), bleeding stomach ulcers (which can lead to massive hemorrhage), and neuropathies (nerve problems causing pain, numbness or tingling). Vasculitis may also affect the brain, nerves, and heart causing strokes, sensory neuropathies (numbness and tingling), heart attacks, or heart failure. Heart complications of RA commonly affect the outer lining of the heart. When inflamed, the condition is referred to as pericarditis. Inflammation of heart muscle, called myocarditis, can also develop. Both of these conditions can lead to congestive heart failure characterized by shortness of breath and fluid accumulation in the lung. Lung involvement is frequent in RA. Fibrosis of the lung tissue leads to shortness of breath and has been reported to occur in 20% of patients with RA. Inflammation of the

McDonalds Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

McDonalds Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example Shifting lifestyles, aging population and healthy food consumption trends hamper industry growth. Despite McDonald's many successes and long-standing position as a global industry leader, the golden arches are showing evidence of tarnish. Over the last years the company has shown signs of failure to identify with its customers and this has lead to retarded growth and unmet expectations. In this paper I will examine in greater detail latest industry trends and I will critically evaluate McDonald's marketing strategy. The final part of the paper discusses strategic alternatives and suggested strategies for McDonald's Corporation. The fast food market is dynamic and growing, it amounts to $99.6 billion and is expected to grow by 15% by 2009 (Datamonitor, Global Fast Food, 2005). To the west growth has been driven by changing consumer lifestyles. The restaurants segment benefits from the reduction of leisure time, accompanied by increasing trends away from preparing food at home (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secur... The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secured and it's again consumer trends that hamper its development. Aging population in US and Europe tends to favour more sophisticated food and service offers to fast-food restaurants (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). A major threat to the fast-food industry is the trend towards healthy food that shifts consumption away from fast food market. Intense competition among fast food retailers has forced major chains to focus on value chain efficiencies in order to improve profits (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). Additionally, local markets have put high legal and market-driven entry barriers for international retailers (Ball et al, 2005). Customer analysis All in all, the McDonald's fast food offer is attractive to people from all age groups. The company specifically targets children and middle-class households that are less demanding in their choice for sophisticated product offer. Rising incomes in developing markets make the McDonald's offer more feasible and better accepted even in places where the company has been regarded as rather expensive, one example is India. The American identity of fast food products in Japan and other countries in the Far East enhances their image. According to a survey by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, 50 % of teenagers prefer Western foods to traditional dishes. As a result, American companies in Japan account for half the business (Ball et

Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing - Assignment Example To achieve the consistent theme the magazine uses pictures and names of different products that are on offer. In addition, the magazine highlights the location of different properties, customer service that are offered and the working hours of the company. The consistent features of the magazine are elements that are intended to give more information to the customers about the quality of the products and their benefits to the customers. This includes pictures of the actual item, fine details about the products such as type, model, and performance. Other consistent features of the magazine include terms of sale such as prices of different products, buying procedures and after sales service. The leading title of the article has a direct relationship with the ad. â€Å"Automobile Magazine launches new Ipad application† (Diehlman web). This title is directly related to the advertisements of the magazine. The magazine displays a wide range of exclusive products for its customers to choose. The title of the article is intended at capturing the interest of customers who are willing to either own motor vehicles or upgrade their current cars with the classy products offered by Suzuki. The competitive environment of the magazine is its unique display of different classy motor vehicles. In collaboration with the Apple Company, the magazine has launched an Ipad application for its customers. The ad is intended for first time car owners particularly those who are looking for classy and sophisticated models of automobiles. The ad also targets people who are conscious of technology. With the abilities of modern devices such as Ipads and Ipad, car owners can have different abi lities on their cars. The ad is also targeting those who are willing to upgrade their current automobiles for the available classy cars that are on display. Finally, the ad is targeting people who like been

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technical writing - Essay Example The purpose of this Request for Proposal is to solicit proposals in a bid to identify a candidate or organization, conduct a fair and extensive evaluation on the criteria listed thereafter and contract him/her to best represent the aspirations of Peter’s International schools as far as professional development of programs in the area of disproportionality is concerned. Literature Review Disproportionality may not be purely pegged on the individual talents by the students but also on the administrative aspect of the management of the school; the infrastructure and transformation of curriculum, and other extra-curriculum programs which in one way or the other helps in the personal development of the students which in turn promotes the academic achievement in a balanced manner (Wiggan, 12). Peter’s International Schools is a network of schools started in 1999 in New York with outlets in Canada, United Kingdom and Belarus, that specializes with â€Å"high school† lev el of education and learning admitting children of 7-17 years of age. As part of the initial research and implementation procedure, Peter’s International schools would recommend school-based focus group discussions as the immediate and appropriate resources to be used to help evaluate the causes and mitigation programs in areas of disproportionality in academic achievement. Purpose of the Project The current education programs used by Peter’s International Schools is based on 2002 curriculum revision and the management has determined they are not effective in providing unique high school education in terms of syllabus coverage and personal development of our students at all levels. Additionally the programs have not been reliable in incorporating science and technology/ innovations in the subjects tackled and they have been fruitless in integrating academic performance across the school’s network. By developing, designing, implementing and conducting professiona l development in the areas of disproportionality in academic achievement across our network of schools, will enable identification of areas that need attention in a bid to level academic achievement of our students, be at par with science and technology/innovations in our curriculum and have a competitive advantage in provision of learning services globally. Project Description Peter’s International Schools is seeking to adopt new and friendly programs that will promote incorporation of science and technology in the curriculum subjects; simple to apply and assimilate both locally and by the international students, programs that will necessitate easy transition to new programs in future without affecting the development of students, and those that will help in reducing the variation in academic achievement among the students in the school’s network. The design should be flexible to accommodate different ages accommodated in our schools and allow smooth implementation wi thin the next five years. In addition the design and development procedures should explicitly define the ways to deal with the disproportionality in academic achievements and give real figures of the expected results within the first five years of

McDonalds Marketing Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

McDonalds Marketing Strategy - Case Study Example Shifting lifestyles, aging population and healthy food consumption trends hamper industry growth. Despite McDonald's many successes and long-standing position as a global industry leader, the golden arches are showing evidence of tarnish. Over the last years the company has shown signs of failure to identify with its customers and this has lead to retarded growth and unmet expectations. In this paper I will examine in greater detail latest industry trends and I will critically evaluate McDonald's marketing strategy. The final part of the paper discusses strategic alternatives and suggested strategies for McDonald's Corporation. The fast food market is dynamic and growing, it amounts to $99.6 billion and is expected to grow by 15% by 2009 (Datamonitor, Global Fast Food, 2005). To the west growth has been driven by changing consumer lifestyles. The restaurants segment benefits from the reduction of leisure time, accompanied by increasing trends away from preparing food at home (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secur... The growth in the Far Eastern countries, on the other hand, is fuelled by growing population, economic development and rising purchasing power of local population (Datamonitor, Foodservice China, 2005). Still, the bright future of the fast food sector is not secured and it's again consumer trends that hamper its development. Aging population in US and Europe tends to favour more sophisticated food and service offers to fast-food restaurants (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). A major threat to the fast-food industry is the trend towards healthy food that shifts consumption away from fast food market. Intense competition among fast food retailers has forced major chains to focus on value chain efficiencies in order to improve profits (Datamonitor, Global Restaurants, 2005). Additionally, local markets have put high legal and market-driven entry barriers for international retailers (Ball et al, 2005). Customer analysis All in all, the McDonald's fast food offer is attractive to people from all age groups. The company specifically targets children and middle-class households that are less demanding in their choice for sophisticated product offer. Rising incomes in developing markets make the McDonald's offer more feasible and better accepted even in places where the company has been regarded as rather expensive, one example is India. The American identity of fast food products in Japan and other countries in the Far East enhances their image. According to a survey by the Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, 50 % of teenagers prefer Western foods to traditional dishes. As a result, American companies in Japan account for half the business (Ball et

Technical writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technical writing - Essay Example The purpose of this Request for Proposal is to solicit proposals in a bid to identify a candidate or organization, conduct a fair and extensive evaluation on the criteria listed thereafter and contract him/her to best represent the aspirations of Peter’s International schools as far as professional development of programs in the area of disproportionality is concerned. Literature Review Disproportionality may not be purely pegged on the individual talents by the students but also on the administrative aspect of the management of the school; the infrastructure and transformation of curriculum, and other extra-curriculum programs which in one way or the other helps in the personal development of the students which in turn promotes the academic achievement in a balanced manner (Wiggan, 12). Peter’s International Schools is a network of schools started in 1999 in New York with outlets in Canada, United Kingdom and Belarus, that specializes with â€Å"high school† lev el of education and learning admitting children of 7-17 years of age. As part of the initial research and implementation procedure, Peter’s International schools would recommend school-based focus group discussions as the immediate and appropriate resources to be used to help evaluate the causes and mitigation programs in areas of disproportionality in academic achievement. Purpose of the Project The current education programs used by Peter’s International Schools is based on 2002 curriculum revision and the management has determined they are not effective in providing unique high school education in terms of syllabus coverage and personal development of our students at all levels. Additionally the programs have not been reliable in incorporating science and technology/ innovations in the subjects tackled and they have been fruitless in integrating academic performance across the school’s network. By developing, designing, implementing and conducting professiona l development in the areas of disproportionality in academic achievement across our network of schools, will enable identification of areas that need attention in a bid to level academic achievement of our students, be at par with science and technology/innovations in our curriculum and have a competitive advantage in provision of learning services globally. Project Description Peter’s International Schools is seeking to adopt new and friendly programs that will promote incorporation of science and technology in the curriculum subjects; simple to apply and assimilate both locally and by the international students, programs that will necessitate easy transition to new programs in future without affecting the development of students, and those that will help in reducing the variation in academic achievement among the students in the school’s network. The design should be flexible to accommodate different ages accommodated in our schools and allow smooth implementation wi thin the next five years. In addition the design and development procedures should explicitly define the ways to deal with the disproportionality in academic achievements and give real figures of the expected results within the first five years of

Manifestations of Truth in How to Tell a War Story by Tim O’ Brien Essay Example for Free

Manifestations of Truth in How to Tell a War Story by Tim O’ Brien Essay How to Tell a War Story by Tim O’ Brien has taken into account various thematic expression and he uses an unusual style to narrate these thematic expression. It a balance-mix of story and reflective essay. O ‘Brien major concern remain the reality of truth. He illustrates various manifestations of truth and manifests that imagination is the major tool to locate the truth. In addition to that he develops a criterion for narrating a war story. â€Å"O’Brien shares the criteria with which the writer or teller and the reader or listener must be concerned by giving an extended definition of what a war story is or is not. The chapter How to Tell a True War Story focuses most extensively on the features that might be found in a true war tale. (Calloway, 1995) So story is multifaceted and its narrative technique is advanced as well unique. Tim O’ Brien has critically evaluated the criterion for writing a true war story. O’Brien demonstrates that memory and reminiscence are transient in nature and one can tell a story purely based on his memory. Memory is always prone to mental faculty of creating fiction. Sometime the character or the narrator admits the elements of fictionality in a true war story but mostly it goes unnoticed and unobserved. Same is the case with How to Tell a War Story as Mitchell Sanders admits to Tim O Brien (the protagonist) that although most of his tale is based on fact but there are elements of fiction. Hew says, â€Å"Last night, man,' Sanders states, I had to make up a few things . . . The glee club. There wasnt any glee club . . . No opera,' either (O’ Brien, 1998). But,' he adds, its still true' (O’ Brien, 1998). This is not distortion of truth but it is the limited nature of memory to recall things in proper order with minute details that urges human faculties to invent certain details. Furthermore, plain truth is not interesting enough to captivate the attention of the reader and amuse. In a Vietnam War story there can be pathos and miseries, deaths and destruction, but there is nothing pure to tell in the form of a story. O Brien himself explain this; â€Å"I think exercising the imagination is the main of finding the truth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Naparsteck, 1991, p. 10) So memories are true and well as invention simultaneously. In â€Å"Things They Carried†, collection short stories from which this story was taken, O’ Brien he acts as the narrator. So readers suppose that he himself was veteran of the war and observed everything on his own but his are not the first hand account of these tales. They are told by various veterans of wars and were later crafted by O’Brien. So both veterans and the writers has invented certain situations and mingled it with the real story. O’Brien says that it is not unethical or wrong to develop a story in this way. He says, â€Å"â€Å"You’d feel cheated if it never happened. †(O’ Brien). A story is developed on its own and follows a natural pattern. In this way, O’Brien implies that truth distorts when it passes through the mental processes. Various pre-conceived notions, past experiences, prejudices and men’s inventive powers cast its own impression on it. But it is natural phenomenon. O’Brien explains this in the story; In any war story, but especially a true one, it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. What seems to happen becomes its own happening and has to be told that way. The angles of vision are skewed. When a booby trap explodes, you close your eyes and duck and float outside yourself. When a guy dies, like Lemon, you look away and then look back for a moment and then look away again. The pictures get jumbled; you tend to miss a lot. And then afterward, when you go to tell about it, there is always that surreal seemingness, which makes the story seem untrue, but which in fact represents the hard and exact truth as it seemed. (O’Brien, 1998) Readers accept this balance mix-up of reality and invention but O’Brien, however, does not allow his readers to take these things for granted and inquires the whole idea of memoirs, recollections, and the short capability of memory to communicate the reality with accuracy. As far as the narrative structure is concerned, O’Brien himself calls it a mix of essay and fiction. In an interview to Naparsteck (1991) he says that, â€Å"In a way, it’s part essay and a part fiction but in a way it’s neither†¦To me, it has singleness or unity to it. Rather than part things this and part things that, it’s all those things together. †(p. 9) This manifests his idea of truth as a whole. He does not differentiate genuine reality from perceived reality and considers them conflation of each other and they as whole constitute the truth. Unquestionably, truth and fabrication is another theme that Tim O Brien takes into consideration in the story. He is of the view that in narrating a war story, untruth is not conflicting with truth. They are the facets of a single reality. One is real and other is inventive but both are genuine. During the war, truth is unclear and mostly uncertain. It takes varies semblances band is manifested in various contradictory forms. So both true and inventive part of the story seems contradictory but in reality, they are same and equivalent. This paradoxical manifestation of truth is symbolized by the death Curt Lemon. O’Brien as narrator is familiar with the situation in which Curt was killed. He was shot dead by a 105mm round while â€Å"he was playing catch with Rat Kiley†. But as O’Brien recollect this in his mind; he perceives that Curt was killed by daylight. This narration is different from the first one. But none is untrue. 105 round was tool but sunlight also played a major role in his death. Sunlight is also chief cause thus. In this way, O’Brien differentiates between the reality that took place and the reality that appears to take place. No account is untrue but both a different manifestation of same reality i. e. one is real and other is perceived as real. Tim Obrien does not use proper literary devices to convey this dichotomy like Golding does in â€Å"Lord of The Flies† where he use symbol of fire and convey its paradoxical nature. Conventionally, fire refers to destruction and damage but Golding uses it as a rescue symbol when boys trapped in an island use fire to get attention of the passing by ship and in the last, they are saved by the aero- plane that noticed the fire signaling rescue. But mostly, it is not possible to attach two opposite meaning to a single word as beautifully done by Golding in the novel. O’ Brien attempts the same. For example, he says, â€Å"it is safe to say that in a true war story nothing is ever absolutely true,† he generate a contradiction but it is not a single word or a symbols that he utilizes to communicate the paradox. It is the whole context that helps him make this statement. Stephen Kaplan sums up this thematic expression of reality in his book; Understanding Tim O’Brien. He says, â€Å"[O’Brien] completely destroys the fine line dividing fact from fiction and tries to show that fiction (or the imagined world) can often be truer, especially in the case of Vietnam, than fact. O’ Bren plays with truth in How to Tell a War Story and sometimes fabricates it. The chief purpose is to highlight the paradox of truth and to demonstrate its various facets and manifestations. He leaves it to the readers to discern between genuine truth and perceived truth. The writer’s use of a narrator Tim O’ Brien in this collection of short stories is at the same time appealing as well as disturbing. The confusion deepens when it told by the author that the narrator is a middle aged man telling the stories about the Vietnam War. The use of a narrator is interesting as it forces the readers to think that the story is basically rooted in some real life experiences. It also helps in joining together the disjointed elements in the tales. This tool also helps the writer to play and employ some untruths and marvelous things without suffering from the fear of being questioned for their authenticity. The readers suffer from the problem that is the narrator is just playing the role of a mouth piece for the writer or is he an independent character. However, by using this device the writer is able to convey the message to the readers that what is discussed in the story as truth is somewhat similar to what actually happened during the war. If the reader accepts that the narrator is reliable and he is telling the truth than he faced a dilemma. As in the beginning of the stories the narrator tells that he is a real person and going to tell real stories and in the end he tells them that everything that he has just told is just falsehood. The author might be using this illusion to convey the readers a way in which a war story should be told and the basic truths that these war stories carries. He might also be trying to make a point that the story is basically true and logical though it may not have actually happened in the Vietnam War. The construction of this collection of stories is not following the traditional way of telling the stories. There are stories within a story that are linked very beautifully together in a novel way. Each story is basically an endeavor, on the part of narrator, to make a point clear. In order to explain or discuss a thought or experience the narrator start telling another story. These stories, are however, not linked in the traditional way. On finishing the book the reader is made to realize the truth as an organic whole, in a strange way, and not in the ordinary way as is the truth in conveyed to them. In this style of story telling the writer is not bound to follow the chronological flow of time. He is free to roam about according to his will. He can discus the realities and the sequence of the happening of events according to how he deems it right and not by the traditional way of doing it. The writer is basically of the view that the ‘war stories’ need to present the ‘true illustration’ and it need not to indulge in ‘analysis’ so it is important that the short stories should remain true to the reality and the long story or the parent-story need not to be something actually happened in reality. Rosemary Kings explain this phenomenon in this way; OBriens word play in the title hinges on the definition of true, a word he uses alternately throughout the story to mean either factually accurate, or something higher and nobler. He does this through three embedded narratives: Mitchell Sanderss narration of Curt Lemons death; the narrators description of hearing Sanderss story; and Tim OBriens commentary on how to tell a true war story. (n1) Each narrator claims his story is an authentic retelling of events as they occurred in Vietnam, asserting the historicity of their narratives. (King, 1999) The structure of the book is such that the chapters and the short stories are basically there to help the readers understand the real story, the real and the tangible truth. These are basically the ‘things’ carried by the parent story. The comments of the narrator helps the reader understand the organic wholeness of the story just as the chapters in the long story are connected together by the connecting views and ideas of the author thrown here and there in the long story. Rosemary King also highlights the importance of title of the story; â€Å"OBriens title delivers punch not only through the conflated definition of true but also through the distinction of what makes a war story true. He underscores the importance of manipulating what actually happened to get at the essence of truth. † Above-mentioned discussion and supported arguments and evidence clearly manifest that O’Brien has successfully asserted that truth has paradoxical nature and it can be conveyed as a whole i. e. a balance mix- of what happened and what seems to happen. In reality this pradox dissolved in a complete whole. He further illustrated that human mental processes modifies the objective reality. His own description of reality from the subjective point of view of the narrators in the story is a skillful representation of this phenomenon. Thus his story is a successful example of metafiction.

How Effective is the United Nations?

How Effective is the United Nations? How effective is the United Nations? Before we say that the U.N is or not an effective institution, we must know or assess their performance in all areas in which they are involved in. And after that why they have not been successful. Also its important to explain two different views, the realist defended by Hobbes, Weiss and the liberal view supported by great thinkers such as Kant, Adam Smith. The United Nations is an institution nowadays responsible for various issues, is involved in so many areas for example, collective security, peace keeping, health, environment changes, human rights, humanitarian aid and much more. This essay will expose in a simple way both points, views and evaluate its effectiveness in some of the areas I have mentioned above. The U.N was created in 1945 with the main purpose of the main objective of maintain the international peace and security. Is part of United Nations preventing conflicts against nations, finish them maintain the peace and establish the conditions to allow peace to prevail. The Organ responsible for that mission is the U.N Security Council. At this single area they found difficult to maintain the peace and prevent conflicts in some countries like we have seen in Rwanda genocide in 1994 were the U.N peace keeping forces despite the time they take to went there they were not authorized to use military maneuvers to achieve their goal, and it ends with ten soldiers were killed and close to one million Rwandans were killed equivalent to twenty percent of the population. The Sudan, Darfur case in 2003 considered by many one of U.N biggest failure, the United Nations rejected to do something about it , instead urging the African Union members to intervene. Only in 2006 some soldiers went to Sudan in seven years three hundred millions Sudanese’s civilians were killed. The Khmer rouge in Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 had killed two million Cambodians amounting to thirty percent of their population and despite that once again the U.N failed. Weiss Realist thinker argue that the â€Å"logic of collective security is contrasted with the difficulties on its application† looking back at the cases I have mentioned realists would argue that the reason why the U.N failed to prevent them is largely due to the fact that the great powers , permanent members of the institution had little interest on those countries. Other cases like the Korean War had strong intervention from United Nations due some members’ interests. Despite that we cannot say that the they totally failed because it’s possible to state that was successful in some cases like Suez crisis , Cyprus , Yemen , west new guinea , Mozambique , Namibia as a result of that in 1988 the U.N peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel peace prize. When it comes to Health, the U.N organization WHO is the organ responsible for the promotion of health and development in poor countries that suffered consequences of conflicts. The smallpox program is the greatest achievement by WHO , with the cooperation of countries all around the world. The prevention activities , surveillance programs , strategies relied on mass vaccination , and other measures helped to eradicate the smallpox. Kant liberal theory defended that this international organizations gave a good response dealing and solving conflicts and health issues. The organization fulfill the goal of provide general health care effectively and get a good result in poor countries in needs. According to Kant their promotion have been succeeded and effective in what matter to health. Other area which U.N its involved and a key purpose and a fundamental issue it’s the Human Rights. The OHCHR office of the high commissioner for Human Rights is the organ that deal with the promotion respect and protection of the Human Rights , they have dealt well with the implementation of the principles in some African countries where torture , women and child rights , discrimination as to race , religion are not one hundred percent respected . In Europe we have seen some liberal approaches like Portugal, France, Germany, and United Kingdom. The same sex marriage, lesbian couple adoption have been legalized the recognition of the human rights and help for people with the disabilities and integration, equally than normal people. The protection of immigrants without documents and their families, the lesbian, gays, and bisexual rights have been placed on international agenda. States recognize the role of civil society in the advancement of human rights, there are now guidelines for states which support freedom , while determines where speech , cartoon , information constitutes a direct incitement to hate or violence , like Charlie Hebdo case. By many this steps were considered a win for those who defended the equality across all cultures and human beings. Concern to protection of the environment, the creation of a global program called The Earth Summit, in 1992 was the way founded to solve this question. That result in treaties on biodiversity, and measures taken to avoid climate change by many countries promoting at the same time the concept of economic growth while protecting natural resources. Other programs were started like sustainable energy for all , all that to avoid climate changes consequences like , sea level rise , melting glaciers , earthquakes , hurricanes .The Kyoto protocol is regarded as a big achievement and a strong effort to finish this problems. They had planned some decisions in 2014 in New York to be taken this year 2015 on the next seminar in Paris. All this actions showed how United Nations dealt and is always making efforts to prevent effectively the environment problems. At last but not at least one of most important area in the present days which the U.N is involved is the Humanitarian Aid. Achieve cooperation among states to solve international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character its one of the principles stated in U.N charter. The United Nations have done helping in the reconstruction of the Europe after Second World War , nowadays alongside with some other nongovernmental organizations. It’s possible to say that the U.N organizations responsible to solve this issue have made and still making a very good and efficient job dealing with human aid. UNICEF , United Nations Children Fund have responded well to problems such as nutrition , hygiene , basically education millions of kids have been denied the right so study , investment in girls education , social inclusion all over the globe. The United Nations Refugee Agency helped lots and lots of immigrants providing food, clothes, advices on asylum applications, provide transport to those returning home. All These actions resulted in two prizes Nobel peace prize for UNICEF in 1965, and Principe of Asturias. Great advance in the prevention and fight against HIV other very important step towards Human better living conditions To conclude the United Nations prove to be an efficient institution , because it’s unfair to do an evaluation , based in only one area no matter the importance given to this issue by the state members. The U.N Security Council failure has more to do with the cold war than other reason. The institution is nowadays more than a peacekeeper, an organization for conflict resolutions. They are more engaged in a vast array of work that seeks to improve people lives all over globe. So it’s possible to say that the U.N will be as good as the members will allow it to be. References http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/women/ http://tlc.howstuffworks.com/family/who5.htm http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/Adan/Peacebuilding%20Organizations%20%20Institutions%20-%20June%202011.pdf www.un.org wwwwww.isn.ethz.ch.globalpolicy.org Marketing Plan For Nestle: Kit Kat Nuts Marketing Plan For Nestle: Kit Kat Nuts Nestle is going to launch Kit Kat Nuts which is extension to the existing Nestle Kit Kat chocolate. Kit Kat Nuts will particularly target the young adult segment between the age of 22 to 40. Kit Kat Nuts has to compete with the well established chocolate brand like Snickers and Cadbury Fruit and Nut, Cadbury whole Nut. The quality of the products offered by Nestle to its customers will help to drive the sales of the Kit Kat Nuts. Kit Kat Nuts has its goal to minimize the losses in the first year with increasing the product awareness by huge promotional and marketing activity as well. In the second year it estimated to achieve at least break even point and thereby kick start the growth in the sales and profits. (1)Individual Situation Analysis report Nestle is worlds highly efficient nutrition, health and wellness provider. With head office in Vevey, Switzerland it was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle. Nestle company as a whole made up of various others brands which offers various products such as coffee, water, ice cream, chilled products, confectionary and chocolates, frozen foods, cereals etc. Nestle is delivering its product services to almost all over the world which is mainly possible due to thorough knowledge and understanding of the domestic nature of tastes, preferences and health of the people. Nestlà ©s main source of income is food and beverages, in addition it produces pharmacy product as well like Alcon. The food industry is very competitive field which means no company can feel relaxation at any time, therefore Nestle has to consistently evaluate its performance and search for the new ways of satisfying the customer needs. Nestle needs to carry on with its marketing strategy of segmenting the customers and producin g the product keeping in mind the trends and demands of the product. (1.1) Market summary: Since Henri Nestle started its operation in 1867 as a milk food provider, Children are one of the main targeted segments for the Nestle. In addition it spreads its market to adult and older people as well by targeting them their specific tastes and preferences. Kit Kat nuts will specifically target the adult people for the reason that children do not normally like the nuts but the adult people do prefer the chocolates with some nuts in it. The segmented market will be targeted for the near term say first two years and then after evaluating its performance it will be spread to other segment accordingly. Following table 1.1 summarizes needs and corresponding features/benefits of the Kit Kat nuts. Segment Customer need Corresponding feature /benefits Young students Healthy chocolate Kit kat nuts includes peanu which provides healthy options Working class Hunger Kit Kat nuts satisfies hunger needs by about 25% nuts in one product Old People Milk chocolate with some nuts Kit Kat Nuts includes 50% milk chocolate with option to buy dark chocolate as well. The competition in the confectionary market is so immense that Nestle has to match its every step with its industry rivals for continuous and long term growth of the company. (1.2) Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunity , Threat analysis Nestle is a well established company and got huge experience of about 150years of providing highly qualified products. These facts provide great strength for the functioning in the competitive market. Nestle got weakness as lack of success in the organic food industry. Nestle got major opportunity to exploit their brand awareness in the market by launching new lines of products. The major threat consists of competition form the near rivals. Strength: Nestle got following strengths. High market share: Nestle is delivering its product to almost all countries in the world. Globally its share in the market is quite substantial. The first quarter sales of the year 2010 for the group were 26.3 billion with 4.8% internal growth. Branding: Nestle got ability to consistently keep the existing product in the mind of the consumer vis a vis extending the product line to cover additional market share. Nestle has been successful in keeping major brands from sleeping by renovating existing product lines. Recognizing local preferences: Nestle is performing its operations in the whole world. The main idea of understanding and producing the product according to the local nature of nutrition, health and wellness of the people provides strength to the company. Weaknesses: Insufficient growth in organic food: Nestlà ©s growth in organic food is not significant. In fact it was flat in 2008, even though industry grew 8.9%. Health and safety issues The FDA have been constantly examining the breakfast and cereals industry from quite some time. They are of a view that false claims like heart healthy and lower cholesterol should not exist on the packaging of the cereals. Lack of presence in retail market: Nestle is lacking in somewhat as a presence in the retailing market. The retailing section is very vital as most of the consumer go through the traditional shop for the day to day buying and if there is no existence or less existence of the Nestle product the sales going to be suffered. Opportunity: Introducing more health products: As they are market leader, it can introduce more health based products for the health conscious society. They are more likely to be successful because it is already accepted by the people as a health and wellbeing company and they got the successful history behind them. New acquisitions: Nestle is integrating in the developing economies with the help of new acquisitions of businesses which provides them opportunity to enlarge their share in the market. Opportunity in the emerging economies: There is vast amount of market in the new emerging economy like china and India. Nestle got significant operation in the emerging countries like India, china and Brazil. Threats: Competition: Nestle is competing with some of the big market giant like Cadbury(Kraft foods), Kelloggs, Heinz, Starbucks, Hersheys etc .These industry rivals poses all time threat to the company to put up its substitute product in the market. The FDA regulations In 2007 findings of the FDA suggests that certain pet food item were the cause of the death of the cat and dogs. The outcome is that tougher norms and regulations posed by the FDA for the import of the raw material from another country. Increase in the chocolate ingredients: Raw chocolate ingredients prices have increased substantially in last few years e.g in 2008 dairy costs itself consists of 50% alone. This threat often poses challenge on the company to produce the same standard quality products keeping in mind the pricing factor as well. 1.3 Competition The confectionary industry is highly competitive in nature. It comprises of other world class chocolate maker like Cadbury (now Kraft), Mars, Kelloggs etc. Nestlà ©s nearest rivals are Cadbury and mars. They often introduced new lines of products that are difficult to copied or produce the similar product. Following are the nearest competitors of the Nestle. Cadbury: Cadbury is one of the strongest competitors which got tremendous variety of products with significant market share. With the takeover of the Cadbury by Kraft which American base company, it has been stronger than before. Cadbury got presence in almost each country in the world with the various lines of products. Mars: One more US based company which produces various lines like mars, snickers, galaxy, bounty etc. Mars is not that much stronger competition as compared to Cadbury, but still it is starting to concentrate on the growing market like India and China. With our product of Kit Kat Nuts the first rival is Snickers which is being produced by Mars. As they got successful history behind providing the nuts product, it is going to be challenging for the Nestle to enter into the market with the new line. Kelloggs: Kelloggs is mainly competitive in the breakfast and cereal products and they are targeting the customers by variety of nutritional products. Nestle has been competing with Kelloggs by its cereal line like Cheerios, Minis, Chocà ³ Pic ets. Following table suggest the various competitor of the current product under study and their pricing. Competitor Features Recommended price Cadbury Made up with nuts 1.4 Product Offerings Nestle kit kat which is the existing product of the company and one of the highly selling chocolate in the world. Extending it to include the nuts to the chocolate will provide great additional feature to the existing product. Following are the main features which will be offered by the Kit Kat Nuts. New feature of nuts in the chocolate. The nuts will be roasted and will be fresh. Presence of caramel in between as well. Extention of the both normal and dark chocolate. Low amount of flavourings and maximum use of milk in the chocolate. 1.5 Distribution Channel Mostly retailers are the main channel of distribution for the Nestle .Nestle is using other forms of distribution like Supermarket Tesco and Asda for covering large market at one time. While it is worthwhile to think out of the box here that is it not the good idea to open Nestlà ©s own chain of stores around the market which will give company direct interaction with the consumer, decrease the presence of the middleman and increase efficiency in delivering those products. (2)Marketing Plan (2.1) Marketing Strategy: The marketing strategy of the product under study describes the objective of the product, what are the target markets and how the target market is going to be targeted? Positioning and pricing strategy, how the product is going to be distributed and advertising of the product. Objectives: As nestle is comparatively known to the market and already got healthiest brand in the market, following objectives has been set for the new product line Kit Kat Nuts. First year objective is to put maximum efforts towards familiarizing customers with the new line and try to cover at least 5% of the market covered by the other rivals. In the second year it is likely to introduce with new lines like kit Kat ginger. It is likely to show negligible profit or even loss in the first year, but in the second year equilibrium or significant profit may be achieved. (B)Target Segments *Market Segmentation is the process of dividing a market into subsections based on specific needs and wants. These people will have similar reactions to products. This will help marketers design their marketing mix (4 Ps!) (Kate Notes) Nestlà ©s main targeted segment will be the working class adult because nuts can provide for hunger needs with sufficient amount of calories in one chocolate. The secondary target will be older people as it can prove worth for the older people to have some nuts with the chocolates. Other markets that may be targeted are the young students studying in colleges and in universities. These segments then can be targeted for the advertisements and promotional activity of the product. It is important to note here that the segment created should be targeted using appropriate channel of advertisements otherwise it can lead to unexpected results for the future. It is vital to develop different strategy for the different group of persons for success of the new product line. (C)Positioning Positioning means creating the position in the mind of the cusotomers. Positioning may be done mainly in two ways. (1)Differentiation: Differentiating current product with the other product on the bases of superior quality. (2)Pricing: Setting competitive prices of the product so that creating position in the mind of the customer e.g Reynar has created themselves as a cheap air service provider in the mind of customer. For the product under review we will use differentiation strategy because Nestle got the image in the market as nutrition, health and wellness provider so there is no need to compete on the bases of prices. (D)Strategies Product: Product strategy will particularly emphasized on how many lines of product to be introduced, how the product should be packaged?, what kind of guarantee to be offered to the customer . Kit Kat nuts will be packaged similar to the normal Kit Kat but additional feature of picture of almond on the wrapper will be shown to pass the message to the customers that kit kat got nuts. In addition on the back side of that there will be short questionnaire to be complete so that gathering the views form the customers about the new product line. Each packet will contain returned information if customer is not satisfied with the product. Particularly Nuts word on the packaging will be highlighted in different colour to build up product awareness and brand awareness among the customers to easily locate the Nestle Kit Kat brand. For the first 6 months only Kit Kat 4 fingers will be extended to the new line, after assessing this short term outcome it will be spread to the other lines of Kit Kat. Pricing : Pricing strategy highlights the various pricing strategy at various time of the product in the near term. Kit Kat Nuts will be first sold to the wholesaler at the price of 13pound per box of 48 pieces and estimated 50p price per unit by the retailer. There will be promotional offers e.g get 48 for the price of 44 to be offered to the retailer to encourage them to buy and stock the Kit Kat Nuts so that to increase the availability of the product for the customers. Distribution Distribution strategy refers to determining the chain by which the product is going to be delivered to the end user. We can choose from available two options (1) Direct distribution or (2) Indirect Distribution. Indirect distribution is the only better option here as it is possible to reach wider market with the use of retailers and Supermarket than having specialized stores at one location. Most of the competitor is also using the indirect channel of distribution for the better service and availability of the product. Wholesalers and Supermarket will also be able to put the order online on the companys website. Marketing Communications The Communication with the targeted market is vital element of the strategy part. By the proper communication with the targeted segment and with the distributing channels better results and partnership can be buildup with agents or middle people. The retailers and other middle persons will be using push strategy by employing personal sale through the specialists sales persons. Further sales promotion activity like camp gathering and stall activity to actively communicate with the customers directly and bring there views and advises. By delivering messages through media and available communications resources, differentiation will be made between Kit Kat Nuts and the rivals product. Advertisement: There will be huge investment on the advertisement by Nestle.e.g The product is going to be launched in the moth of july which come across with the Football World cup, so advertisement will be made showing Football stars eating chocolates for hunger needs when one of the footballer being hungry form playing long football. (E)Marketing mix: Nestle Kit Kat Nuts will be introduced in July. Research outcomes will be gathered and accordingly the following various actions at various times will be taken. Initial set-up: It is going to be huge sales and promotional activities to be carried out in the months of May and June. Personal distribution of the template showing introduction of the Kit Kat Nuts will be introduced. Sample distribution will be undertaken to educate dealers and wholesalers to set-up the product launch in the july 1st quarter (July-sept): We will immediately start advertising our new product mainly through TV/ media. We will use other print media as well e.g Big Hoardings on the main roads showing new Kit Kat Nuts. 2nd quarter (Oct-Dec): As customers get familiar with Kit Kat Nuts, more sales promotion activity will be done by putting prizes under the wrapper, thereby encouraging the customers to buy more of the product. Christmas offers will be made to boost sales and brand awareness among the customers. 3rd quarter (Jan-March): We will introduce New Year sales for quick generating of the sales turnover and increasing market share and brand awareness. Last quarter(April-June): For the first ending year there will be special offers to be made to wholesalers and collaboration will be made with the Supermarket to kick start the new promotional activity for last gasp increase in the sales for the first year ending. (F)Marketing Research: By using a well designed, well executed form of marketing research and data collection, decision makers will have the best quality information at hand and will be able to make informed decisions for the product and the company. (Kate Notes) It is clear from the above stated statement that with the well organized research and development operation, it is possible to be proactive to the future trends in the market. Marketing research facilitates to gain timely knowledge and understanding of the changes in the consumer tastes and preferences and take decision accordingly. Nestlà ©s marketing research is one of the key factor behind its success in various product development. Nestle got 29 research centre worldwide by which every efforts has been made to understand and deliver product according to domestic nutrition level and health requirements. With the help of various research techniques like surveys, answers to the questionnaire, getting feed back form the consumer by adding additional feature in the packaging for the consumer suggestions will be used to verify any changes to be made in the product .Marketing research will provide base for the new product development and innovation in the new market opportunity. (2.2)Financial matters Financial matters are the estimated forecast of the sales and expenditure of the company using suitable method of statistics. In the starting year of operation sales revenue is expected 30million pound, with an average wholesale price of 40p and variable cost per unit 20p for units sale of 7.5million and with the fixed cost of 20million pound. It is anticipated to show a net loss of 5million pound in the first year. The Net loss in the first year is mainly due to the higher material cost and heavy advertisement expenses for the promotion and distribution of the new product in the market. But the situation is expected to improve in the second year because of fewer expenses on the advertisement and increase in the sales revenue. At the end of the second year it is expected to achieve break even point or to achieve better than expected result by showing Net profit. The estimated sales for the second year is expected to 40million pound at the wholesale price of 40p with the variable cost at18p and fixed cost similar to the previous year at 20 million pound by selling 100 million units so that to show net profit of 2 million. (2.3) Controls: There may be time when company does not achieve the desired results in the near term, but that is not the end of the world. The actual result will be compared with the budgeted or expected results and the difference may be put forward in the meeting of the senior executives or marketing department. Controls are being performed for the better implementation and organization of the marketing activities. Implementation: Control measures have been monitored to effectively understand any deviation from the planned action, to efficiently locate the causes for the difference in the action and actual outcome and to take corrective steps. These will ensure that customer satisfaction is being given due importance and that quality standards have been maintained. Marketing Organization Marketing organization may be created for the effective implementation of the action plan. Marketing department may be organized by function or by geography, product, and customer. Individual critical reflection on learning outcome Creating shared value is a fundamental part of Nestlà ©s way of doing business that focuses on the specific areas of the companys core business activities namely Water, Nutrition and rural development-where value can best be created both for the society and shareholders. (http://www2.nestle.com/CSV/Pages/CSV.aspx) One of the main reasons to believe that Nestle delivers value to the customers is that every function and operation has been performed keeping in mind the nutrition, health and wellness of the people. Nutrition, Health and wellness is Nestlà ©s strategic direction. Through science based nutrition product and services, emphasis has been put to enhance the quality of the lives by providing care for the consumers and healh supporting.With the opearation in almost 100 countries over the world by over 20000 employees worldwide Nestle Nutrition operates in basic 4 key areas. Infant Nutrition Weight management Healthcare Nutrition Performance Nutrition Achievements from study of the elements of the marketing mix and role of different element in achieving marketing objectives. For any business organization or entity, the concept of marketing used to be given utmost importance. To be more specific most of the decisions under the marketing management lies around the decision of the 4 Ps of marketing mix namely Product, Price, Place, and Distribution. Marketing Management module provided in depth knowledge which is left unattended by the previous understanding of the subject. I used to believe that Marketing is only a science that follows set of methods and guidelines, but at the end of this module I came to know that marketing is not only science but it both art and science. The Marketing mix of the product assumes that the lerner have fundamental insight of the marketing but not in depth knowledge. I am likely to change my views on application of various marketing tools because of the creative understanding brought forward by the module. In between the process of learning I felt that Marketing is really a very wide concept which requires in depth knowledge and expertise for the individual to gain success in the real world. Tesco: Marketing and Strategy Options Tesco: Marketing and Strategy Options Introduction The marketing strategy is usually a written report or a business plan that helps in the development of generic products on the market, and also addresses issues such as distribution, promotion, marketing objectives and identity the product on the market. The marketing strategy may include the option to salary, position in the market segment. The marketing concept is the most important agreement for any organization to achieve high growth rates in this competition, humanity, one of the most successful participants in the present way of being the life of the organization Business, marketing strategies, and programs. Marketing strategy, the details of this investigation have the example of Tesco, the group of important commercial products in the United Kingdom (Great Britain). Jack Cohen was the founder of the organization of Tesco in 1919 in east London, retired from the day the market Cohen deserves the profits of  £ 4 on the date of creation of the organization, the name Tesco was published in 1924, Cohen was sending floor area well and Mr. T.E with the initials of his organization as Tesco referred to later in Burnt Oak, north London opened Cohen bought the lighthouse design 1932 and later Tesco, Tesco is a limited liability company, this research helps to Tesco, which is a business organization to take the marketing strategy adopted by the company of several of her mandate, you know. (Tim Clark, 2008). Tesco is good, as is well known that the organization of food retailers in the UK, of course, better for customers and Tesco is making their services, although Tesco has some of the principles and theory, that the organization is functioning better than their competitors at the most common principles are based Tesco to improve its business processes to customer satisfaction, ease of access of personnel, investment in cheaper for Tesco. These are the key to the success of any business organization to run successfully if each business unit will not reach any of the above principles, there would be a possibility of falling into the desired organization market. corporate competition is strong in this type of Tesco retail market, but should be able, the value chain for its customers remain confident in all areas, including recruitment, as customers in the market are the real candidates, everyone in the organization must do its work effort to satisfy our customers to develop the organizati on. Another organizing principle is simple personal Tesco cannot say that ordinary people are more like highly skilled workers and able to solve problems very efficiently designed for simple solutions when complex issues are listed in the client and organization. The third principle is the implementation of investment services cheaper and better Tesco, take the large number of customers for the organization to provide (Rosie Blau, 2002). This research may also be useful for some basic frame work to determine how corporate development programs for the implementation of effective customer service. Organizational development programs in general are one of the processes to develop internal capacity of the effective height for the proper functioning of the organization for a long period. The scope of the work of organizational development programs to operate as a key program for all team members for their hard work to fight if they are entitled to their efforts to accomplish the operation and development is organization, the main objective of these types of programs for working with money and vision for the functioning of the organization. Here are some of the basic frameworks are works that are useful for the development of the organization as follows; Survival of the organization If an organization has been able to understand the critical transitions and developed their basic systems would not the chances of survival for the period of time, otherwise it would have collapsed. The Best quality If a marketing organization is able to civilize the quality of work through technical or human investments that can acquire more space in the market. Resource Availability To hold the handle to a company able to generate resources for their work should module on the market. Moral values An organization must have moral values and the client must be carried out internally first and not let the market. Teamwork All members must drive in the form of development cooperation organization in the development of staff and council can improve the performance of the program module, it would be possible to work when an organization has managed to generate cash and energy used to accomplish the mission. The above conditions would be key to the success of Tesco Organization (Ann Philbin and Sandra Mikush, 1999) The research methodology for the development of the organization provides some of the techniques and models used to develop the marketing plan. Avoids many researchers who wrote a marketing plan of the company, all unnecessary expenses if there was a perfect marketing plan would have a dramatic impact on helping sales decline could be tested. So the perfect marketing plan is useful and prevents the collapse of the communication activities of a page, even when agitated. The marketing plan should not be expansive long and complicated, because it is much easier to document, in which the trust. The most important techniques for developing the marketing plan below is used. Situation Analysis First, we must look at the situation of the organization and its market position, intensity and other factors that may affect the marketing strategies, analyzing the situation of market research. The most important aspects that should and must take into account considerations. Challenges if the enterprise is established with the target market at the moment the client before the challenge and built the capacity to attract customers. Your business must be a unique advertising strategy. If you analyze the situation, competition and the number of different things on the market (George Rodriguez, 2010). The methodology of the research on the organization of Tesco explains the detailed summary of the different types of marketing and strategic choices of the organization to promote the adoption of development for any business organization, its activities, which built the four main strategic options markets are, The sale of existing products to existing customers The main advantage of choosing this type of option by the organization because of the less risky option, in which the organization will be more customers for existing products can be found, is easier if the client has played a small role in the niche market recently, most companies include this kind of attracting customers. Sales of new products for existing customers In this type of marketing organization options, the risk is low compared to the previous option is more strategy to the client would be responsible for the type of relief for the organizations resources. Expanding existing products into new markets This marketing option is useful for understanding the demand for existing products where the risk is low compared to the previous options, but not with big eyes, you must decide whether the organization has taken the best route, and product image Business, sales processes and promotional materials are considered to carry the products on market considerations, such as real benefits to extend the application of their mode of operation, customer service and the best time to inspect the goods on the market are included in the considerations. Develop new products for new markets This option is more risky compared to the option in the strategy market since the implementation of the new product on the market may again lead to the diversification measure. Its moving a big challenge for companies in emerging markets at best, and it would be difficult to distribution channels of the facility, managing customer expectations and generate demand for existing competitors, the difficult task which requires large resources, drawn below the curve is called a risk that would be in the range of services or goods collected by organizations (convalescent Stuart, 2010) Tesco has not built individually, but you have to develop their organizations, with the assistance of interested parties, interest groups are nothing more than the particular group of people interested in group activity different from their own interests in the economy, in this case, Tesco has many players are tracking some of them. Customers In general, customers are acting as the main actors in society in general, clients stay ahead of products to choose low-cost and search for variety of products. Tesco is correct actually happened on the client and get more customers to the Organization, Tesco can best business solutions to its clients, which are the main source of income, customers apply pressure on the organization, Tesco has regular reviews with your company to meet customer demand and keep in touch with them, feedback from customers who have a major impact on Tesco because they can suggest ways to improve the strategy cases that the comments of staff shortages such as in the field have a great impact on the activities of Tesco in the organization is unable to respond to customer feedback, the proportion of losing the client. Personal Employees of the people who pay in Tesco Organisation for their work in the organization, employees must be diversity of skills to your salary is decided, the employees working in different sections for their skills, such as cash registers , so clean, if Tesco can find all the staff works hard to develop the organization, he would be entitled to promotion criteria in the organization, the staff is also the main shareholder of the corporation, the organization of the State, offer good working conditions for employees who otherwise would not have a good service to their employment, employees have the greatest impact on the organization of Tesco, the key role in the companys huge profits. Financial It is most important to Tesco, because they need funding to expand its operations, expanding its activities the organization can create more interest from members who work in Tesco, Finance also act as an important player for business because it is the only source of Tesco, if the transaction goes smoothly. Related Searches Other key stakeholders of the company is the supplier, and they expect to offer products for sale at Tesco any other source of income for suppliers of Tesco good is the main reason that acts as a provider of Tesco, in Indeed, Tesco, good supplier to inform the company of about supply in an average time to do so (Medium-Low, 2008) For participation in the above-mentioned strategies for personnel, human resources function is key to winning the implementation, the role of staff in recognition of the responsibility of the personnel department in the implementation of the strategy business, the success of implementation strategies have an impact throughout the organization, ministry staff, the only department that may have access to activities to all employees who have the human resources department informed of problems arise in the implementation strategy of Tesco, this thesis also provide that the HR function is also central to the organization. (2008) Using the theory involves a single prediction that the organization must have certain core values and vision to make a strong base can be implemented within the organization. The values of the organization is at the heart of the vision and shape of the daily operations of the organizations mission, working with the organization describes the role of play and the future functioning of organizations is, if the mission of organization in the realistic evaluation of the company can control this inquiry, the mission, vision and values of the person to make bricks in all decisions of the organization. These aspects are useful for the development of applied following table captures the relationship with the vision, mission and values that are the most important aspects of the organization are known One of the basic skills in achieving the vision, mission and objectives of governance of the organization, the concept of governance is that decisions are taken by the organization on critical issues effectively. A rigorous governance body will provide funding crisis decision-making body; the organizations with the lifeless body of government long-term stay in the organization, more effective management of the organization to build trust between the members are active. The main objective of the government must pay good decisions and policies that reflect the moral values of the organization of corporate governance and contributes to the understanding of social relations between members of the organization. The main functions of the governing body of any organization are to develop skills in members and also to develop leadership qualities (Ann Philbin, Sandra Mikush, 1999) Recently, many changes in Tescos business environment it faces, Tesco is strongly influenced by the many difficulties such as uncertainty affects the market, except for strategic decisions of the difficulties mentioned above includes the Tesco analysis and identification of economic, social, political and technological and business process and PEST analysis is known, in recent years, Tesco in the list of organizations, changes in market environment, as Policies Thats the kind of questions concerning the organization of risk, as Fiscal policy Government stability Regulation of Foreign Trade Monopoly Law Commission Labour Law Economic factors This is the section which covers aspects such as Trends Gnp Inflation Unemployment economic cycles Disposable income Socio-cultural In this field of analysis of problems encountered by Tesco Income Distribution Social Mobility Level of education changes in lifestyle Technological aspects Technological aspects of issues such as technology issues Survey on government spending A rapid increase in technology transfer Price (Ahsan Majeed, 2005) With the help of discussions on this research methodology, Tesco said that previous efforts to overcome successfully created due to changes in the environment and leading the organization to succeed, it is expected that a more is to act effectively change the environment, the criteria for Tesco in the first position in the market has been a great success of Tesco in achieving customer satisfaction and provide a real service to customers, if n is not the answer to Tesco of these changes would not have had the opportunity to abandon the enterprise as a result, a great loss to the organization. Although the organization is most effective when Tesco has some of the major functional areas of the company that performed the operation of his business, small or function of organizations working to bring these people regularly, bill payments and respond to customer requests for this type of work can be limited rights in small firms, but where large companies as it was considered that if the sp ecific tasks and specialize in such large areas is easier to identify employees and between different sectors and ministries, and each of his department has strengthened its position in a particular field. The various functional areas can be presented schematically Tesco, which is then applied, The main objective of the functional areas to ensure that, in order to conduct operations effectively, the main administrative functions of the business organization, Administer This functional area within an organization for all companies in the market is needed in small-scale organizations, this function is to pay a single command, and the bills keep up, while most public place by the relevant authorities main operating, Collect and send emails Document recovery organizing meetings In response to questions collect information provisions for the road Arrangements for interviews and events Service function Another major objective of the organizational functions of the service to their customers, looking all business units to customers who are concerned about the products of these reasons, a separate customer service must be configured to your needs, the duties of customer service, In response to customer demand Provide information to customers Complaints feedback to improve service Functions of HR The most important resource of the human resources function of workers in the organization, most organizations in support of marketing companies with a well trained for the activities of its activities is the human resources function for larger adaptation of new employees in the organization so that the best person for the organization at all organizational functions, select the human resources function is most important because it is a long and expensive process, the hiring the candidate can cause instability in society. New employees are likely to initiate programs for the people involved made the industry and regulators to build a rule, is the other main task of the Human Resources Unit to provide adequate training and staff development which should ensure greater that the company retains qualified employees, to expect people often say that their employers treated and paid fairly and have the appropriate working environment, human resources of this monitoring process the state to help staff work and social policy, most organizations monitoring the conditions of their employees through their trade associations representing workers Senior Communications Human Resources organizations and to inform direction changes, which have the most employees in the organization of their legal obligations regarding health and safety, the working procedure of the main functions of human resources, Press advertising and vacancies the communication possibilities for personal advancement Keep all competitors monitoring the work Keep a record of accidents, such as health and safety Record the employees absence Maintain personnel records Preparation of corporate social policy Therefore, previous discussions, we can say that the HR department is to assume a crucial role in the organization. To effectively carry out its operations Task5 (a) Tesco has to be part of the implementation plans for the execution of preferred destinations and a number of important factors for planning and implementation of market strategy. Tesco should be aware and fully with the conversion table on the following issues and review and often for the successful implementation of organizational strategies. This implementation includes the following topics listed below. Approach This plan refers to the attention of Internet resources in the area and meets the rewards. Objectives This factor should increase the effort and investment, provides for the organization. Competitive Advantage This section of the plan refers to the method of operation in the region, where strong competition, if an organization is not aware of this fact that would probably fall back from its competitors. Superior Performance This action plan is important for the organizations plan, all its members, this strategy must also recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the companys position and meets the needs of the market would be a useful framework for working with success of the organization with market forces. Sustainable competitive advantages This strategy proposes ideas may also work for the organizational period. Innovation and Creativity Create new and innovative ideas and thoughts will help to improve the organization and location of the organization at the cutting edge in comparison with other organizations. Flexibility This is one of the plans for implementing marketing strategies for the invention of new flexible products are allowed, they are difficult to support the number of opportunities that are sensitive to the reality of time working with decisions business, such as Chance and weaknesses of the plan. Basic conceptual simplicity The strategic plan includes plans for some long and complicated, the constant adaptation and change requires a different time, the organization must be aware of information that most strategic plans are based on historical information and forecasts the future. The ability to participate This is the ultimate key to the implementation of any marketing plan is a wonderful strategy makes sense if you support the implementation of its mission, vision and objectives to achieve the desired organization (Brain Monger, 2006). This method of support for research on various aspects, methods and application of the theory that the marketing agency for business growth in the market to determine approval. Must be developed to carry out activities in the marketing strategies of a master plan for any challenge as a variety of implementations that are necessary to implement the plan. The platforms and steps for planning and presentation of the implementation of the marketing strategy are included Action required The services sector includes all activities related to products, pricing and promotional activities and some of the specific application areas such as structural changes, training of staff. Event Time This segment is to plan and schedule of activities is necessary before playing. Identify activities by other means. Most marketing strategies should be in the order that the writing, production and delivery. These activities should be isolated from other activities and services. Order Placement This is the part of managers to control the driving plans of all activities and how to determine the individual activities. Assign responsibility This suggests that managers, many employees, teams and departments to deliver specific activities assigned. Task5 (b) Effective implementation of the development plan is to start operations in a spreadsheet, provides information on individual activities in the Master Plan. Drawn below the graph represents a plan for implementation of marketing activities marketing structure includes different types of elements in the implementation of plans. Figure source: Market Strategy Marketing Strategy This element of the application includes the companys products, distribution, pricing and promotional activities of products. Shared values and goals These application notes are a solitary maintain the unity of the whole operation. Marketing structure This segment includes the activities of the corporate structure of organized marketing. System and process This request covers work activities, the various activities of the inputs to ensure the production of information and activities of the production company of your operation can absorb. People This sector guide implementation firm for the recruitment of skilled workers and their conditions of optimum training, motivation, commitment and satisfaction. Resources Resources include a variety of assets to be purchased together in the implementation of marketing strategies. Leadership This segment manager application guide, how to communicate with all members of the unit and the implementation of programs such as employee motivation (OC Ferrell, Michael D. Hartline, 2008). Task 5 (c) This research on market strategy provides information on various types of risk management strategies in different circumstances. Most researchers focus on such topics as strategies-ante and ex post market structure. ex ante actions that occurred before the loss and ex-post measures were taken after the disaster occurred appeal. For example, firefighters noise after the fire has been exhausted is a posteriori strategy starts from the fall of the chimney after the fire a. In other words, this strategy can be described as a risk coping and risk mitigation techniques that act as synonyms for ex-post and ex ante market strategies. Morduch (1995) calls these two strategies are the measures of income and consumption smoothing. ex-ante strategies are not generally focus on issues such as health risk and income, the market prices are uncertain. Consumption smoothing is never a perfect choice of the strategy of the business thereafter. There were many more changes in the cost of preventive hom e care, health and food preparation took place after the loss, this discussion will help the other strategy is to assess post-ante and former and provide solutions to these issues this thesis. (Marcel Fafchamps, 2003). Task (D) This research is also intended as a guide for managers, the various steps and measures for action to be taken into consideration before implementing new strategies, because the choice of strategy and undesirable aliens would be a great loss for the effective organization created as a loss prevention manager must be able to implement a plan for the organization to understand.